高三英语总复习专题二如何在总复习过程中猜词.docx
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高三英语总复习专题二如何在总复习过程中猜词.docx
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高三英语总复习专题二如何在总复习过程中猜词
上杭四中2014届高三英语总复习专题
(二)
如何在英语阅读过程中猜测生词?
在英语阅读过程中遇到生词是常有的事,大多数学生在遇到生词时都会停下来查词典,这不仅严重影响了阅读速度,而且在一定程度上也影响了对篇章整体意思的理解,因此在阅读过程中查阅生词的词义是不提倡的处理生词的策略,正确的方法应是致力于培养猜词能力,并且近年高考阅读理解题中也有专门设置词义猜测题(如:
1.Theword“...”refersto/probablymeans________________.
2.Theunderlinedword“…”couldbestbereplacedby______.
3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“…”standsfor?
4.“…”,asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas______.
5.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheunderlinedword“…”?
6.Theunderlinedphrase“…”isclosestinmeaningto_________?
等等),这种能力就显得更为重要。
下面是常用的两种猜词方法:
一、按构词法猜:
主要有合成法、派生法、转化法、.截短法(缩略法)、混合法以及首尾字母缩略法
1、合成法:
指由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个新词。
如:
one-way(单行的)see-through(透明的)high-class(高级的)
ever-green(常青的)downhill(下坡的)hotfoot(匆忙地)
fine-sounding(动听的)all-round(全面的)
good-for-nothing(无用之人)by-product(副产品)
self-criticism(自我批评)furthermore(而且;此外)
【试一试】
daybreak___________she-wolf__________everywhere___________
short-term__________part-time__________large-scale__________
heart-broken__________state-owned___________well-trained__________
sideeffect___________footprint__________pickpocket__________
out-of-date__________glasshouse_________downfall___________
sleep-walk__________sight-seeing___________
first-classproducts____________second-handgoods______________
absent-minded_____________good-tempered_____________
meat-eating____________history-making_____________
bad-looking____________easy-going_____________
well-developed___________self-improvement_____________
注意:
合成名词的复数形式通常在其后加-s或-es,如by-products,但也有例外,如:
passers-by,lookers-on
2、派生法:
指由一个词根加上前缀或/和后缀构成另一个新词的构词形式。
1)加前缀:
一般而言,加前缀只改变词的意思,并不改变词的词性,且大多都使原词变成它的反义词。
如:
前缀含义词根派生词
dis-不like(喜欢)dislike(不喜欢)
un-不fair(公平的)unfair(不公平的)
in-不;非correct(正确的)incorrect(不正确的)
im-不;非possible(可能的)impossible(不可能的)
non-无;非smoker(烟民)non-smoker(不吸烟者)
il-不;非legal(合法的)illegal(非法的)
ir-不;非regular(规则的)irregular(不规则的)
re-再;重;又build(修建)rebuild(重建)
mis-错误地understand(理解)misunderstand(误解)
mid-在…中间autumn(秋天)mid-autumn(中秋)
inter-相互之间net(网;网络)internet(互联网)
co-共同workerco-worker(共同工作者;合作者)
pre-在前record(录音)pre-record(先期录制的)
fore-前面;预先head(头)forehead(前额)
kilo-千meter(米)kilometer(千米)
micro-微量的;微小的computer(计算机)microcomputer(微机)
over-在…上 ;过分 ;超过work(工作)overwork(超时工作 ;工作过度)
anti-防;抗gas(气;煤气;毒气;汽油)anti-gas(防毒气的)
auto-自动control(控制)autocontrol(自动控制)
sub-下面的;次 ;低一级postoffice(邮局)sub-postoffice(邮政支局)
但有些前缀也会使原词改变词性,如:
rich(adj.富裕的)---enrich(v.使……富裕;丰富)
【试一试】
disappear___________mislead___________non-stop__________
foresee___________interact___________prehistory__________
micro-waveoven__________anti-sunburn__________reunite__________
co-operate_________auto-dial_________subway__________
enable________unaddressed__________independence__________
illogic________overbook________discourage__________
2)加后缀:
通常情况下,后缀不但改变词义,还改变词性,常见的后缀有名词后缀、动词后缀、形容词后缀和副词后缀。
①名词后缀:
后缀词根派生词
-er/or(…人/者)actactor___________
-(r)ess(雌性)hosthostess_________
-ian(人)musicmusician________
-ist(人)typetypist___________
-ism(主义)socialsocialism_________
-mentgoverngovernment_________
-tioneducateeducation__________
-nessdarkdarkness__________
-ance/-encedifferdifference__________
performperformance________
-ingsuffersuffering___________
②动词后缀:
后缀词根派生词
-(e)nwidewiden___________
-ify(……化)beautybeautify___________
-ize/iserealrealize__________
③形容词后缀:
后缀词根派生词
-edinterestinterested__________
-ingrelaxrelaxing__________
-fulharmharmful__________
-less(反义)selfselfless__________
-able/-ible(能…的)reasonreasonable___________
-iveinstructinstructive____________
-alpracticepractical__________
-ishchildchildish____________
-ern(方向的)easteastern__________
-ydustdusty_________
-lylivelively__________
-ousnervenervous___________
-en(多用于表示woolwoolen_________
材料的名词后)
④副词后缀:
后缀词根派生词
-lyhappyhappily__________
-ward(s)backbackward__________
3)加前缀后缀:
e.g.anti-government___________independent____________
rebuilder__________preschooler____________
unacceptable__________international___________
3、转化法:
指由一种词性转化为另一种词性。
有时意思没什么变化,有时意思有一定的变化。
如:
Ourclassroomfacessouth.(面向;朝)
Pleasehandmethebook.(递)
Welunchedtogether.(吃午餐)
Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.(护理)
Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.(减慢下来)
Pleasewarmupthedishoverthestove.(热一下)
【试一试】翻译下面各句,特别注意划线词的理解:
1、Heisamanofstrongbuild.
2、Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.
3、Thisisforwinterwear.Don’t makeittootight.
4、Womenhaveaequalsayineverything.
5、Itcanseatathousandpeople.
6、ItpicturesthelifeofoverseasChinesestudents.
7、Hehammeredanailintothewall.
8、Whoheadedthedelegation(代表团).We’ll headfor Yunnantomorrow.
9、Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.
10、Shefingeredthesilkgently.
11、I’mneverinterestedinnosingoutthedetailsofsomeoneelse’s privatelife.
12、Heinsistedonstayinguptonursethechild.
13、HehassoldieredinFranceinhisyouth.
14、Eachapartmentcanhouseafamilyofsix.
15、Theyfloweredwellbutborelittlefruit.
16、Heisbusyoilingthebicycle.
17、Hewolfeddownthreegreatbowlsofrice.
18、Thepilliscoatedwithsugar.
19、Forsixdaysandnightstheybattledtosavehislife.
20、Over1000studentsstormedintotheSenatebuilding.
21、Thisisthechiefwayofnarrowingthedifferencesbetweenthem.
22、Theroomgraduallyquieteddown.
4、截短法(缩略法):
即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,有截头、去尾、截头去尾三种形式。
1)截头。
如:
phone=telephoneplane=aeroplanebus=omnibus
2)去尾。
如:
maths=mathematicsco-op=co-operate
exam=examinationkilo=kilogram
lab=laboratorytaxi=taxicab
3)截头去尾。
如:
flu=influenzafridge=refrigerator
5、混合法:
即将两个词混合、各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。
后半部分表示主体,前半部分表示属性。
如:
newscast=newsbroadcastmotel =motorhotel
smog=smokeandfogheliport=helicopterairport
6、首尾字母缩略法:
即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。
读音可以各字母分别读音;也可以作为一个单词读。
如:
VIP(读字母音)=veryimportantperson
TV(读字母音)=television
TOEFL(读作/‘təufl/=TestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage
二、按上下文(context)提示猜:
在联系上下文猜测某个划线部分的意义时,有时可根据上下文出现的明显的特征、暗示去猜,主要有下列几种情况。
1、解释
标志:
1)定语从句
2)信号词is,(be)called,means,namely,thatis(tosay),inotherwords,
bedefinedas,beknownas等
3)标点符号“,”和“——”。
Eg.
(1)Theschoolsarereluctanttotaketimeoff——eventeacherswithticketsfortheEngland-Argentinagamehadtroublegettingthedayoff.
A.kindB.unwillingC.freeD.careless
(2)Yet,shopkeepersmayhavetospendextrahourstodealwithproblems,suchasshoplifters,whoalwaystakeawaythingsfromtheshopwithoutpayingforthem.…
A.athiefB.aguideinashop
C.theownerofashopD.aporter(搬运工)
(3)ItisalsoacommonWesterncustomtomakeaNewYear’spromise,calleda
resolution.
Q:
What’saresolution?
A.SomethingyouwearB.Somethingyousay
C.SomethingyouburnD.Somethingyoueat
(4)Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle,thatis,itwillbreakeasily.
Q:
Theunderlinedwordmeans__________.
2、举例
标志:
1)信号词such,suchas,like,forexample,forinstance,foronething,
include,consistof等
2)标点符号“:
”
Eg.
(1)Carsmusthavecertainsafetydeviceslikeseatbelt,headlights,andgoodbrakes.
(2)Youcantakeanyoftheperiodicals:
TheWorldofEnglish,ForeignLanguageTeachinginSchools,orEnglishLearning.
A.dictionariesB.story-booksC.magazinesD.newspapers
(3)Firstofalltheingredientssuchasflour,sugar,fatandwater,areputintoamixingmachine.Themixturecomesoutofthemixingmachineintheformofdough(面团)。
A.akindoffoodB.elementsinamixturetomakeadish
C.abiscuitD.dough
3、同义、近义关系
标志:
and,or,similar(ly)等表示同义、近义关系的词。
Eg.
(1)Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear.
A.superviseB.reviewC.taketheplaceofD.starttoenforce
(2)Thefootballplayerwaspenalizedforhisrudenessandthepunishmentwasagoodlessonforhim.
A.calledB.praisedC.paidD.punished
(3)Aheart-warmingstorytellsofawomanwhofinallydecidedtoaskherbossforaraiseinsalary.Alldayshefeltnervousandapprehensive.Lateintheafternoonshesummonedthecouragetoapproachheremployer.Toherdelight,thebossagreedtoaraise.
A.worriedB.eagerC.certainD.afraid
(4)Earlyhumanbeingsusedveryfragilehousesandboats.Oftenstrongwindswouldtearroofsfromhousesorcausehighwavesthatendangeredtravelers.People’sfoodsuppliesweresimilarlyvulnerable.Evenaftertheyhadlearnedhowtoplantgrains,theystillneededhelpfromnaturetoensuregoodharvest.
A.impossibletomakesureofB.likelytobeprotected
C.easytodamageD.difficulttofind
4、反义、否定、对比、转折关系
标志:
not,but,yet,however,while,unlike,though,although,otherwise,instead(of),ratherthan,onthecontrary,incontrast(with),ontheonehand…ontheotherhand,foronething…foranotherthing等。
标点符号“;”有时也可表示这类关系。
Eg.
(1)ThoughTom’sfacehasbeenwashedquiteclean,hisneckstillremainsgrubby.
(2)MarkTwainwasnottheauthor’srealname;itwasapseudonym.
A.apennameB.atruenameC.afamilynameD.afullname
(3)Hehadbeengettingbetterbutduringthenighthisconditiondeteriorated.
A.becamebetterB.gotworseC.stayedthesameD.didnotchange
(4)Justforfun,theydecidedtotryaverycircuitouscountryroadinsteadofthemoredirecthighway.
A.directB.indirectC.straightD.smooth
(5)Yourunclewouldn’tevenpartwithadimetohelpthekidspayfortheirschoolfee.That’sjustonemoreexampleofhispenuriousways.Incontrast,manypeoplewhohavemuchlessmoneyhavedonatedagreatdealtothecause.
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