Emerson.docx
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Emerson.docx
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Emerson
1.Emersonsuggestsaparadoxicalrelationshipwhenhewrites,“Iamnothing.Iseeall.”Findingoneselfonlybyfirstlosingoneselfisarecurring—andpuzzling—themeinmuchtranscendentalthinking.Topracticeself-reliance,self-disciplineandself-cultivationinordertosucceedintheworld---toachievematerialwealthandsocialfame---emphasisonthematerialpursuit.Topracticeself-reliance,self-cultivationandtoreturntonatureinordertopursuemoralorspiritualperfection—emphasisonthespiritualpursuit;Thehighesttruthisthatauniversalessenceispresentineachandeveryobject,includinghumans.Thisessence—orthespirit—isthelifeforceresponsibleforthecontinuouscreationgoingonallaroundus:
Itcreatestheunityandindivisibilityofnature,spirit,andhumanity.
MajorBeliefs:
1Asromanticism,itupheldthegoodnessofhumanity,thegloriesofnature,andtheimportanceoffreeindividualexpression.2Theexistenceofanall-pervadingunitaryspiritualpower—theOver-Soul—theabsolutegood,fromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart---EmphasisonNature,ontheSpirit,andontheIndividual
3.Manisinherentlygood,andevildoesnotexist.Astheultimatespiritualforce,theOver-Soulencompassesallexistenceandreconcilesalltheopposingforcesintheworld.Evilisbuttheoppositeofgood,andispowerlesstoeffectanything.Everyevildeedisoffsetbyacorrespondinggoodone.Youmaynotseethatgoodpervadesallyourexperiences,butalltheforcesintheworldflowforeverinthedirectionofthegood.4TheidealoflifeistheunionofmanwiththeOver-Soul.Transcend—togobeyondthelimitsoftheindividualselfsoastoachievetheunionofmanwiththeOver-Soul,tobecomepartofnatureandpartoftheSupremeBeing,thusachievingdivinity.
-----Manisnolongerbornsinful,andinstead,mancanperfecthimselftobecomedivine.5.Natureisthesourceofthespiritualidealoftheworld。
Natureisfullofevidenceoftheharmonyandrightnessoftheworld.Bycontemplatingobjectsinnature,followingone’sintuition(innermostfeelings),tomergecompletelywithnature,theindividualcandiscovertheunionwiththeOver-soul----becomepartofnatureandpartofthecreator.6.Thekeyforachievingthisstateofunionisintuition,orone’sinnermostfeelings,grantedeverysoulatbirth.
例子“Theloverofnatureishewhoseinwardandoutwardsensesarestilltrulyadjustedtoeachother;whohasretainedthespiritofinfancyevenintotheeraofmanhood,hisintercoursewithheavenandearthbecomespartofhisdailyfood.Inthepresenceofnature,awilddelightrunsthroughtheman,inspiteofrealsorrows.”
B.Howdoyouinterpret“dailyfood”?
C.Whatcanyouseefromthepassage?
A.NaturebyRalphWaldoEmerson
B.“Dailyfood”canbeinterpretedasthemostindispensablepartoflifetoaloverofnature.
C.Theauthorimpliesthataloverofnatureshouldalwaysfeelhimselfunitedwithnatureandinseparablefromnature.
2.TheAmericanScholarEmersonusesTranscendentalistandromanticviewstogethispointsacrossbyexplainingatrueAmericanscholar'srelationshiptonature.Thereareafewkeypointshemakesthatfleshoutthisvision:
Weareallfragments,"asthehandisdividedintofingers",ofagreatercreature,whichismankinditself,"adoctrineevernewandsublime".
Anindividualmayliveineitheroftwostates.Inone,thebusy,"divided"or"degenerate"state,hedoesnot"possesshimself"butidentifieswithhisoccupationoramonotonousaction;intheother,"right"state,heiselevatedto"Man",atonewithallmankind.
Toachievethishigherstateofmind,themodernAmericanscholarmustrejectoldideasandthinkforhimorherself,tobecome"ManThinking"ratherthan"amerethinker,orstillworse,theparrotofothermen'sthinking","thevictimofsociety","thesluggardintellectofthiscontinent".
"TheAmericanScholar"hasanobligation,as"ManThinking",withinthis"OneMan"concept,toseetheworldclearly,notseverelyinfluencedbytraditional/historicalviews,andtobroadenhisunderstandingoftheworldfromfresheyes,to"defernevertothepopularcry."
Thescholar'seducationconsistsofthreepursuits:
Toinvestigateandtounderstandnature,whichincludesthescholar'sownmindandperson.Tostudythe"mindofthepast":
toreadliterature,toobserveart,tostudyinstitutions.Totakeactionandtointeractwiththeworld;nottobecomethereclusethinkercommentingfromafar."Theoffice[theduty]ofthescholaristocheer,toraise,andtoguidemenbyshowingthemfactsamidstappearances."
3EdgarAllanPoe—TheRaven
(1)Poe’sobjectiveofwriting–toproducebeautysince"Beautyisthesolelegitimateprovinceofthepoem。
Poeconsideredsadnesstobethehighestmanifestationofbeauty."Beautyofwhateverkindinitssupremedevelopmentinvariablyexcitesthesensitivesoultotears.Melancholyisthusthemostlegitimateofallthepoeticaltones".
(2)Ofallmelancholytopics,Poewantedtousetheonethatwasuniversallyunderstood,andtherefore,hechoseDeathashistopic.Poe(alongwithotherwriters)believedthatthedeathofabeautifulwomanwasthemostpoeticaluseofdeath,becauseitcloselyalliesitselfwithBeauty.(3)Assonanceisrefrainofvowelsoundstocreateinternalrhymingwithinphrasesorsentences,andtogetherwithalliterationandconsonanceservesasoneofthebuildingblocksofverse.Forexample,inthephrase"Doyoulikeblue?
",the/uː/("o"/"ou"/"ue"sound)isrepeatedwithinthesentenceandisassonant.Examplesofassonance:
OrhearoldTritonblowhiswreathedhorn.;OrhearoldTritonblowhiswreathedhorn.(4)Poebuildsthetensioninthispoemup,stanzabystanza,butaftertheclimaxingstanzahetearsthewholethingdown,andletsthenarratorknowthatthereisnomeaninginsearchingforamoralintheraven's"nevermore".TheRavenisestablishedasasymbolforthenarrator's"Mournfulandnever-endingremembrance.""Andmysoulfromoutthatshadow,thatliesfloatingonthefloor,shallbelifted-nevermore!
"(5)Symbols:
Themostobvioussymbolis,ofcourse,theravenitself.WhenPoehaddecidedtousearefrainthatrepeatedtheword"nevermore,"hefoundthatitwouldbemosteffectiveifheusedanon-reasoningcreaturetouttertheword.Itwouldmakelittlesensetouseahuman,sincethehumancouldreasontoanswerthequestions.(6)AnotherobvioussymbolisthebustofPallas.Whydidtheravendecidetoperchonthegoddessofwisdom?
Onereasoncouldbe,becauseitwouldleadthenarratortobelievethattheravenspokefromwisdom,andwasnotjustrepeatingitsonly"stockandstore,"andtosignifythescholarshipofthenarrator.Anotherreasonforusing"Pallas"inthepoemwas,accordingtoPoehimself,simplybecauseofthe"sonorousnessoftheword,Pallas,itself"(7)Alessobvioussymbol,mightbetheuseof"midnight"inthefirstverse,and"December"inthesecondverse.BothmidnightandDecember,symbolizeanendofsomething,andalsotheanticipationofsomethingnew,achange,tohappen.Nevermore—therepetitionofthewordenhancesthesenseofnothingness—thelossofhisbelovedlady.(8)Thechamberinwhichthenarratorispositioned,isusedtosignifythelonelinessoftheman,andthesorrowhefeelsforthelossofLenore.Theroomisrichlyfurnished,andremindsthenarratorofhislostlove,whichhelpstocreateaneffectofbeautyinthepoem.Thetempestoutside,isusedtoevenmoresignifytheisolationofthisman,toshowasharpcontrastbetweenthecalmnessinthechamberandthetempestuousnight.
4.EdgarAllanPoeTheFallofHouseofUsherStyle1)Brevity.Alltalesshouldbeshortenoughtobereadinonesitting2)UnityofEffectorAtmosphere.Anauthorshouldmakeeverythinginthestoryhelpproducetheoneandsingleeffect.Thematerialsareconstructedinafashionwhichwouldholdthereader’sinteresttothefinalsentence.3)StrikingOutcomesorConclusion.Poecarefullymakeseveryword,everyphrase,everysentenceinthestorycontributetotheoveralleffect--horror,accompaniedbyoppressingmorbidityandanxiousanticipationofterrifyingevents.Notice,forexample,thetenorofthewordsintheopeningsentenceofthestorythathelpestablishthemoodandatmosphere.Devicesusedforthebuilding-upofthesingleeffectofhorror:
1Foreshadowing,2Suspense,3Environmentalenhancement—tempest,clouds,thunder,lightening,fog,vapor.Color,lightandsounds—dark,gloomy,black,feeblelight,cadaverous;varioussounds4.Storyinthestory5.Thefirstpersonnarrator6.Dualityordoubling(images)
SymbolsTheFungus-RiddenMansion:
DeclineoftheUsherfamily. TheCollapsingMansion:
FalloftheUsherfamily. The“Vacanteye-like”WindowsoftheMansion:
(1)Hollow,cadaverouseyesofRoderickUsher;
(2)MadelineUsher’scatalepticgaze;(3)thevacuityoflifeintheUshermansion. TheTarn,aSmallLakeEncirclingtheMansionandReflectingItsImage:
(1)MadelineasthetwinofRoderick,reflectinghisimageandpersonality;
(2)the imageofrealitywhichRoderickandthenarratorperceive;thoughthewaterofthetarnreflectsdetailsexactly,theimageisupsidedown,leavingopenthepossibilitythatRoderickandthenarratorseeafalsereality;(3)thedesireoftheUsherstoisolatethemselvesfromtheoutsideworld.
TheBridgeOvertheTarn:
ThenarratorasRoderickUsher’sonlylinktotheoutsideworld.
Foreshadowing:
Thetarn--ThefissureThepaintingoftherectangulartunnel
MadelineUsherashaving“affectionsofapartiallycatalepticalcharacter”–foreshadowsherburialwhilesheisstillalive.
Sharpgratingsoundofthemassiveirondoor----Features
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