西方经济学名词解释英文版.docx

西方经济学名词解释英文版.docx

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西方经济学名词解释英文版

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第一章

Macroeconomics宏观经济学

Thestudyoftheoverallaspectsandworkingsofanationaleconomy,suchasincome,output,andtheinterrelationshipamongdiverseeconomicsectors.研究国民收入的各方面。

Microeconomics微观经济学

Thestudyoftheoperationsofthecomponentsofanationaleconomy,suchasindividualfirms,households,andconsumers.

研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。

GDP国内生产总值（GrossDomesticProduct）

Thetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthebordersofanationduringaspecifiedperiod.

一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。

Itisoftenseenasanindicatorofthestandardoflivinginacountry.GrossDomesticProduct＝consumption+investmentgoods+governmentpurchases+netexports

EconomicGrowth经济增长

steadygrowthintheproductivecapacityoftheeconomy（andsoagrowthofnationalincome）

RealEconomicGrowthRate实际经济增长率

Ameasureofeconomicgrowthfromoneperiodtoanotherexpressedasapercentageandadjustedforinflation（i.e.expressedinrealasopposedtonominalterms）.Therealeconomicgrowthrateisameasureoftherateofchangethatanation'sgrossdomesticproduct（GDP）experiencesfromoneyeartoanother.Grossnationalproduct（GNP）canalsobeusedifanation'seconomyisheavilydependentonforeignearnings.Therealeconomicgrowthratebuildsontotheeconomicgrowthratebytakingintoaccounttheeffectthatinflationhasontheeconomy.Therealeconomicgrowthrateisa"constantdollar"andthereforeamoreaccuratelookattherateofeconomicgrowthbecausetherealrateisnotdistortedbytheeffectsofextremeinflationordeflation.

GDPdeflatorGDP指数

IneconomicstheGDPdeflator（implicitpricedeflatorforGDP）isameasureofthechangeinpricesofallnew,domesticallyproduced,finalgoodsandservicesinaneconomy.GDPstandsforgrossdomesticproductthetotalvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthateconomyduringaspecifiedperiod.

NominalGDP名义GDP

Agrossdomesticproduct（GDP）figurethathasnotbeenadjustedforinflation.

RealGDP实际GDP

Thisinflation-adjustedmeasurethatreflectsthevalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedinagivenyear,expressedinbase-yearprices.Oftenreferredtoas"constant-price","inflation-corrected"GDPor"constantdollarGDP".UnlikenominalGDP,realGDPcanaccountforchangesinthepricelevel,andprovideamoreaccuratefigure.

Potentialoutput潜在产量/潜在GDP

Ineconomics,potentialoutput（alsoreferedtoas"naturalrealgrossdomesticproduct"）referstothehighestlevelofrealGrossDomesticProductoutputthatcanbesustainedoverthelongterm.

GDPGapGDP缺口

Theforfeitedoutputofancountry'seconomyresultingfromthefailuretocreatesufficientjobsforallthosewillingtowork.AGDPgapdenotestheamountofproductionthatisirretrievablylost.Thepotentialforhigherproductionlevelsiswastedbecausetherearen'tenoughjobssupplied.（与书异）

NetExports净出口

Thevalueofacountry'stotalexportsminusthevalueofitstotalimports.Itisusedtocalculateacountry'saggregateexpenditures,orGDP,inanopeneconomy.Inotherwords,netexportsistheamountbywhichforeignspendingonahomecountry'sgoodsandservicesexceedsthehomecountry'sspendingonforeigngoodsandservices.

Recession经济衰退

Asignificantdeclineinactivityspreadacrosstheeconomy,lastinglongerthanafewmonths.Itisvisibleinindustrialproduction,employment,realincome,andwholesale-retailtrade.Thetechnicalindicatorofarecessionistwoconsecutivequartersofnegativeeconomicgrowthasmeasuredbyacountry'sGDP.

Notes:

Recessionisanormal（albeitunpleasant）partofthebusinesscycle.Arecessiongenerallylastsfromsixtoeighteenmonths.Interestratesusuallyfallinrecessionarytimestostimulatetheeconomybyofferingcheapratesatwhichtoborrowmoney.

Depression经济萧条

Asevereandprolongedrecessioncharacterizedbyinefficienteconomicproductivity,highunemployment,andfallingpricelevels.Intimesofdepression,consumer'sconfidenceandinvestmentsdecrease,causingtheeconomytoshutdown.

ValueAdded附加值

Theenhancementacompanygivesitsproductorservicebeforeofferingtheproducttocustomers.Thiscaneitherincreasetheproductspriceorvalue.（与书异）

GrossNationalProduct–GNP国民生产总值

AneconomicstatisticthatincludesGDP,plusanyincomeearnedbyresidentsfromoverseasinvestments,minusincomeearnedwithinthedomesticeconomybyoverseasresidents.GNPisameasureofacountry'seconomicperformance,orwhatitscitizensproduced（i.e.goodsandservices）andwhethertheyproducedtheseitemswithinitsborders.

DisposableIncome可支配收入

Theamountofafter-taxincomethatisavailabletodividebetweenspendingandpersonalsavings.Thisalsoknownasyourtakehomepay.

UnemploymentRate失业率

Thepercentageofthetotallaborforcethatisunemployedbutactivelyseekingemploymentandwillingtowork.

Laborforce劳动力

thegroupofpeoplewhohaveapotentialforbeingemployed.

FrictionalUnemployment摩擦性事业

Unemploymentthatisalwayspresentintheeconomy,resultingfromtemporarytransitionsmadebyworkersandemployersorfromworkersandemployershavinginconsistentorincompleteinformation.

StructuralUnemployment结构性失业

Unemploymentresultingfromchangesinthebasiccompositionoftheeconomy.Thesechangessimultaneouslyopennewpositionsfortrainedworkers.

CyclicalUnemployment周期性失业

Unemploymentresultingfromchangesinthebusinesscycle.

NaturalUnemployment自然失业率（与书异）

Thelowestrateofunemploymentthataneconomycansustainoverthelongrun.Keynesiansbelievethatagovernmentcanlowertherateofunemployment（i.e.employmorepeople）ifitwerewillingtoacceptahigherlevelofinflation（theideabehindthePhillipsCurve）.However,criticsofthissaythattheeffectistemporaryandthatunemploymentwouldbouncebackupbutinflationwouldstayhigh.Thus,thenatural,orequilibrium,rateisthelowestlevelofunemploymentatwhichinflationremainsstable.Alsoknownasthe"non-acceleratinginflationrateofunemployment"（NAIRU）.

Notes:

Whentheeconomyissaidtobeatfullemployment,itisatitsnaturalrateofunemployment.Economistsdebatehowthenaturalratemightchange.Forexample,someeconomiststhinkthatincreasinglabor-marketflexibilitywillreducethenaturalrate.Othereconomistsdisputetheexistenceofanaturalratealtogether!

Frictionalunemployment—Thisreflectsthefactthatittakestimeforpeopletofindandsettleintonewjobs.If12individualseachtakeonemonthbeforetheystartanewjob,theaggregateunemploymentstatisticswillrecordthisasasingleunemployedworker.Technologicalchangeoftenreducesfrictionalunemployment,forexample:

theinternetmadejobsearchescheaperandmorecomprehensive.

Structuralunemployment—Thisreflectsamismatchbetweentheskillsandotherattributesofthelabourforceandthosedemandedbyemployers.If4workerseachtakesixmonthsofftore-trainbeforetheystartanewjob,theaggregateunemploymentstatisticswillrecordthisastwounemployedworkers.Technologicalchangeoftenincreasesstructuralunemployment,forexample:

technologicalchangemightrequireworkerstore-train.

Naturalrateofunemployment—Thisisthesummationoffrictionalandstructuralunemployment.Itisthelowestrateofunemploymentthatastableeconomycanexpecttoachieve,seeingassomefrictionalandstructuralunemploymentisinevitable.Economistsdonotagreeonthenaturalrate,withestimatesrangingfrom1%to5%,oronitsmeaning—someassociateitwith"non-acceleratinginflation.Theestimatedratevariesfromcountrytocountryandfromtimetotime.

Demanddeficientunemployment—InKeynesianeconomics,anylevelofunemploymentbeyondthenaturalrateismostlikelyduetoinsufficientdemandintheoveralleconomy.Duringarecession,aggregateexpenditureisdeficientcausingtheunderutilizationofinputs（includinglabour）.Aggregateexpenditure（AE）canbeincreased,accordingtoKeynes,byincreasingconsumptionspending（C）,increasinginvestmentspending（I）,increasinggovernmentspending（G）,orincreasingthenetofexportsminusimports（X−M）.

{AE=C+I+G+（X−M）}

Okun'sLaw奥昆法则

Arelationshipbetweenaneconomy'sGDPgapandtheactualunemploymentrate.Therelationshipisrepresentedbyaratioof1to2.5.Thus,forevery1%excessofthenaturalunemploymentrate,a2.5%GDPgapispredicted.

Inflation通货膨胀

Therateatwhichthegenerallevelofpricesforgoodsandservicesisrising,and,subsequently,purchasingpowerisfalling.

Deflation通货紧缩steadilyfallingprices

Ageneraldeclineinprices,oftencausedbyareductioninthesupplyofmoneyorcredit.Deflationcanbecausedalsobyadecreaseingovernment,personalorinvestmentspending.Theoppositeofinflation,deflationhasthesideeffectofincreasedunemploymentsincethereisalowerlevelofdemandintheeconomy,whichcanleadtoaneconomicdepression.

Hyperinflation超级通货膨胀

Extremelyrapidoroutofcontrolinflation.

Inflationrate通货膨胀率

Ineconomics,theinflationrateistherateofincreaseoftheaveragepricelevel（ameasureofinflation）.Ifonelikesanalogies,thesizeofaballoonislikethepricelevel,whiletheinflationrateishowquicklyitgrowsinsize.Alternatively,theinflationrateistherateofdecreaseinthepurchasingpower ofmoney.

ConsumerPriceIndex（CPI）消费价格指数

TheCPI,asitiscalled,measuresthepricesofconsumergoodsandservicesandisameasureofthepaceofUSinflation.TheUSDepartmentofLaborpublishestheCPIeverymonth.

Demand－pullinflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀

inflationduetohighdemandforGDPandlowunemployment,alsoknownasPhillipsCurve inflati