英汉互译课程论文原文5Translation Theory.docx
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英汉互译课程论文原文5Translation Theory.docx
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英汉互译课程论文原文5TranslationTheory
嘉兴学院课程论文
2012—2013学年第1学期
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英汉互译
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阅读下文,并组织4个同学将其译为汉语(请注明每位同学翻译的部分)
AShortHistoryofWesternTranslationTheory
Introduction
AntoineBermanhasarguedthatbecause"reflectionontranslationhasbecomeaninternalnecessityoftranslationitself…(t)heconstructionofahistoryoftranslationisthefirsttaskofamoderntheoryoftranslation"(Berman1992:
1).Thispapergivesaverybriefoverviewofthehistoryofwesterntheoriesoftranslation,fromtheperspectiveoftheendofthetwentiethcentury.
TheframeworkformydiscussionwillbeadiscourseanalysisapproachtothehistoryofideasdevelopedbytheFrenchhistorianMichelFoucault.AdaptingSteiner(1998:
248-9),Iwilldividethehistoryofdiscourseontranslationintofourperiods:
(1)a"traditional"period,fromthebeginningoftheChristianeratotheendoftheeighteenthcentury,whichisaperiodof"immediateempiricalfocus",
(2)aperiodof"theoryandhermeneuticinquiry",growingoutofGermanRomanticismaroundthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,(3)a"modern"period,reachingwellintothetwentiethcentury,inwhichtheinfluenceofGeneralLinguisticsisincreasinglydominant,and(4)thecontemporaryperiod,subsequenttothepublicationofSteiner"sbook,whichhastakentoitselfthenameof"TranslationStudies".
AnApproachtotheHistoryofIdeas
MysourcestotheendofthenineteenthcenturywillbedrawnfromDouglasRobinson"sWesternTranslationTheory(Robinson1997a).Instudyingthehistoryofideasabouttranslationtheory,weareseekingtomakesenseofaseriesofexistingwrittentexts-whattheyhavetosayabouttheactoftranslationandtranslatedtexts,andhowtheysaywhattheyhavetosay.Clearlythereisavastamountofdiscourseaboutthepracticeandsignificanceoftheactoftranslation.The334pagesofRobinson"sbookinclude124textsby90authors.Thehistorical"sequel",whichisthebasisofmylaterremarks,Venuti"sTranslationStudiesReader(2000),includes30essaysby30authorsandcovers524pages.Thismassofdocumentsisfarfrombeingarandomcollectionofstatements.AsFoucaulthasnoted:
"weknowperfectlywellthatwearenotfreetosayjustanything,thatwecannotsimplyspeakofanything,whenwelikeorwherewelike;notjustanyone,finally,mayspeakofjustanything"(Foucault1972:
216).
Specificfieldsofdiscourseareorganisedinregularwaysandgrowoutofdefinablesocialcontexts.Inallfieldsofdiscourse,includingthoserelatedtotranslation,"discursivepracticesarecharacterisedbythedelimitationofafieldofobjects,thedefinitionofalegitimateperspectivefortheagentofknowledge,andthefixingofnormsfortheelaborationofconceptsandtheories"(Foucault1977:
199).
InSteiner"sopinion,overtwomillenniaonlyafewauthorshavesucceededinintroducing"anythingfundamentalornew"intothediscourseabouttranslation.Thesecreatorsandtransformersinclude"Seneca,SaintJerome,Luther,Dryden,Holderlin,Novalis,Schleiermacher,Nietzsche,EzraPound,Valery,Mackenna,FranzRosenweig,WalterBenjamin,Quine"(1998:
283).Iwillfocusonsomeofthesefiguresandtheirmorerecentsuccessors,notfortheirownsakes,butbecausetheyarethemajor"agentsofknowledge"whosewritingshaveallowedfortheemergenceofnewobjects,conceptsandtheorieswithinthefieldofdiscourseontranslationtheory.
1.TraditionalTranslationTheories
ThereisacontinuityofintellectualexpressionfromAncientGreece,Rome,theMiddleAges,throughtotheRenaissance,theReformation,andtheriseoftheearlyEuropeannationstates.ThecentrallanguageofscholarsandotherreaderswasLatin,whilethecoreofthistraditionwasclassicalliteratureandJudeo-Christianity.TherewasaprofusionofeconomicandpoliticalcontactsthroughoutEuropeandtheMiddleEast,andthismusthaveinvolvedanabundanceoflinguistictransactions.Nevertheless,Lefevere"swordsprovideanaccuratebackgroundtounderstandingthesocialpositionofthesubjectsoftraditionaltranslationtheory:
"Insuchaculture,translationswerenotprimarilyreadforinformationorthemediationoftheforeigntext.Theywereproducedandreadasexercises,firstpedagogicalexercises,andlateron,asexercisesinculturalappropriation-intheconsciousandcontrolledusurpationofauthority."(Lefevere1990:
16).
Thefirsttextsencouragedfutureoratorstocreatedynamicandnon-literalversions(ratherthanliteralequivalents)oftheoriginalworks.MarcusTulliusCicero,inhisremarksinOntheOrator(Deoratore,55BC)onthepedagogicaluseoftranslationfromGreektoLatin,setthetermswhichweretobeexpandedbyHorace,PlinytheYounger,Quintillian,SaintJerome,andCatholics,ReformersandHumanistsfromthefourteenthtotheseventeenthcenturies.Reflectingonhisownexperience,Cicerostated:
"Isawthattoemploythesameexpressionsprofitedmenothing,whiletoemployotherswasapositivehindrance…AfterwardsIresolved…totranslatefreelyGreekspeechesofthemosteminentorators".Asaconsequence,"Inotonlyfoundmyselfusingthebestwords,andyetquitefamiliarones,butalsocoiningbyanalogycertainwordssuchaswouldbenewtoourpeople,providedonlytheywereappropriate"(Robinson1997a:
7).
ThepoetHoracetooarguedfortherevitalisationofwell-knowntextsthroughastylethatwould:
"neitherlingerintheonehackneyedandeasyround;neithertroubletorenderwordbywordwiththefaithfulnessofatranslator[sic]",nottreattheoriginalwriter"sbeliefswithtooeasyatrust,andwouldavoidstylisticover-sensationalism"sothatthemiddleneverstrikesadifferentnotefromthebeginning,northeendfromthemiddle"(ArsPoetica,c.20BC,Robinson1997a:
15).Quintilianagreed:
"Intranslating[GreekAuthors],wemayusetheverybestwords,forallthatweusemaybeourown.Asto{verbal}figures…wemaybeunderthenecessityofinventingagreatnumberandvarietyofthem,becausetheRomantonguediffersgreatlyfromthatoftheGreeks"(Institutiooratoria,c.96AD,Robinson1997a:
20).
StJeromecalledontheauthorityofCiceroandHoraceinhisLettertoPammachius,No.57(395AD),whenhe"freelyannounced"that"intranslatingfromtheGreek-exceptofcourseinthecaseofHolyScripture,whereeventhesyntaxcontainsamystery-Irendernotwordforword,butsenseforsense"(Robinson1997a:
25).Theexceptioniscrucial,forJerome"sfameasatranslatorrestspreciselyonhisscripturaltranslations.Ininsistinginthisregardon"theaccuratetransmissionofthemeaningofthetextratherthanthebuddingorator"sfreelyrangingimagination",heintroduced"thefirstmajorshiftinwesterntranslationtheory"(Robinson1997a:
23).Jeromemaintainedthemajortermsofsourcetextandtargettext,originalmeaningandtranslatedmeaning,theconceptsofliteralanddynamictranslation("wordforword"and"senseforsense"),andjoinedthesetogetherthroughhis"newasceticregimen"(Robinson1997a:
23).Anexplicitconsequencewasanemphasisoninterpretingtheoriginalmeaning"correctlyinordertoreproduceitproperly"(Gentzler1993:
95)."Correctness"and"accuracy",therepressedtermsofCiceroniandiscoursewhichwerepreviouslyonlytheconcernof"faithfultranslators"butnotbuddingrhetoricians,enteredthediscourseformationwithasacrednecessity.
Thereweretwofurtherextensionstobemadetothediscursiveformation.Thefirstcameinthe"wild,shaggy,"rebellious""(Robinson1997a:
84)circularletterontranslation,writtenbyMartinLutherin1530.Luther"saimremainedcommunicationwithreadersandlisteners,buttheaudienceforhisnewtranslationofthescriptureswascomposednotofscholarsbutplainspeakersofvernacularGerman,"themotherinherhouse,thechildreninthestreet,andthecommonmaninthemarket"(Robinson1997a:
25,modified).TheotherwasEnglishpoetJohnDryden"sexpansiontothree,insteadoftwo,waysoftranslating,inthePrefacetohistranslationofOvid"sEpistles(1680):
"metaphrase…turninganauthorwordbyword,andlinebyline,fromonelanguageintoanother";"paraphrase,ortranslationwithlatitude…where[theauthor"s]wordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedbuthissense";and"imitation,wherethetranslator…assumestheliberty,notonlytovaryfromthewordsandthesense,buttoforsakethembothasheseesoccasion"(Robinson1997a:
172).
Withthisprecisionbythemansomeconsiderthefirstrealtranslationtheorist,theformationhasassumeditsbasicform.Itspractical,commonsensicalnaturehasensuredthatitremainsthebasisformuchtheorisingdonetothisday.Asacontemporaryexample,wemaycitetheworkofPeterNewmark,whoarguesthatthe"centralproblemoftranslating...hasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely".Hisanswertothisproblemisthedistinctionbetweensemanticandcommunicativetranslation.Semantictranslation:
"ispersonalandindividual,followsthethoughtprocessesoftheauthor,tendstoover-translate,pursuesnuancesofmeaning,yetaimsatconcisioninordertoreproducepragmaticimpact".Communicativetranslation,ontheotherhand,"attemptstorendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchawaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership"(Newmark1988:
46-7).Informativeandvocative(non-literary)textsrequirecommunicativetranslation;expressive(literary)textstendmoretowardsthesemanticmethodoftranslation(Newmark1981:
44).Binaryschemes-of"formal"and"dynamic"equivalence-alsoplayanimportantpartintheworkofthestillveryinfluentialEugeneNida(Nida1964).
2.German
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