颐和园The Summer Palace.docx
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颐和园The Summer Palace.docx
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颐和园TheSummerPalace
WorldCulturalHeritage------TheSummerPalace
BRIEFINTRODUCTION
TheSummerPalaceislocatedonthenorthwestoutskirtsofBeijing,about20kilometersawayfromthecenterofthecity.Itisthebest-preservedimperialgardenintheworldandoneofthelargestofitskindstillinexistenceinChinatoday.
TheSummerPalaceisformedmainlyofLongevityHillandKunmingLake.Itoccupiesatotalareaofover290hectares.LongevityHillcoversonequarterofthetotalarea,whichisabout70hectares,whileKunmingLakecoverstherestofthethreequarters,whichisabout220hectares.LongevityHillisanextensionoftheWesternHills.WhileKunmingLakeusedtogetwaterfromthespringsofJadeSpringHill,whichliestoitswest.ThepeaksoftheWesternHillsandthepagodaonJadeSpringHillcanbeseeninthedistance.Thisisatypicalmethodingarden-building,knownas“borrowingthesceneryfromadistance”.
TheSummerPalaceisveryfamousintheworldnotonlybecauseitisaningeniouscombinationofman-madearchitecturewiththescenicbeautyofnature,butalsoitisanarchitecturalmasterpieceandtreasureofthetraditionalareofChinesegardening.TheSummerPalaceharmoniouslycombinesartificialandnaturalattractionsintoapicturesquelandscape.
HISTORYOFTHESUMMERPALACE
TheSummerPalacehasahistoryofover800years,whichgoesbacktotheLiaoandJinDynasties.TheSummerPalacewasfirstbuiltin1153duringtheJinDynasty.AtthattimethehillwascalledGoldenHillandthelakewascalledGoldenWaterPond.DuringtheYuanDynasty,thehill’snamewaschangedintoJarHill,becauseitwassaidthatanoldmanhaddrugupajarfromthehill.AndthenthelakewaschangedtoJarHillPond.IntheMingDynastyitwasnamedWestLake.In1494YuanjingTemplewasbuiltontheJarHill,andlaterMingEmperorZhengdenamedthisareatheWonderfulImperialGarden.
AllthiswonderfulsceneryandstructuresmadeagoodfoundationandofferedagreatadvantageforthelaterGardenofClearRipplesintheQingDynasty.DuringtheQingDynastythefamous“ThreeHillsandFiveGardens”werebuiltinthenorthwesternsuburbsofBeijing.TheSummerPalacewascalledtheGardenofClearRipplesatthattime,whichwasoneoftheFiveGardens.
TheThreeHillsarethe:
FragrantHill,JadeSpringHillandLongevityHill.TheFiveGardensare:
GardenofEverlastingSpring,GardenofPerfectionandBrightness,GardenofTranquilityandBrightness,GardenofTranquilityandPleasure,GardenofClearRipples.
In1750,EmperorQianlongrebuilttheGardenofClearRipplesforthepurposeofhismother’s60thbirthdaycelebration.Hechangedthehill’snamefromJarHillintoLongevityHillinordertocelebratehismother’s60thbirthday.HealsorenamedthelakeasKunmingLakebecausehewantedtofollowtheexampleofEmperorWudioftheHanDynastywhohadtrainedhisnavycenturiesbeforeKunmingPoolinChang’an,thecapitalcityatthattime(somewherenearXiAntoday).
In1860,whentheAnglo-FrenchAlliedForcesinvadedBeijing,the“ThreeHillsandFiveGardens”wereburntdowntoashes.In1888,EmpressDowagerCixispentthenavyfundtorebuildtheGardenofClearRipples.AfterthatsherenamedittheSummerPalace.In1900,whentheAlliedForcesofEightPowersinvadedBeijing,theSummerPalacewasdestroyedforthesecondtime.In1902,EmpressDowagerCixispentfabuloussumofmoneytorebuildtheSummerPalaceagain.In1903,thereconstructionwascompleted.Afterthat,EmpressDowagerCixicametoliveintheSummerPalacefromApriltoOctobereveryyearfortherestofherlife.SotheSummerPalacetodayismoreorlessthesameastheSummerPalacerebuiltin1903.
Afterthe1911Revolution,theSummerPalacestillbelongedtotheQingimperialfamily.OnJuly1st,1928,theSummerPalacewasofficiallyopenedtothepublic.
In1961,theSummerPalacewaslistedasoneoftheimportanthistoricalmonumentsunderspecialpreservationbytheChineseGovernment.Today,theSummerPalacehastakenonacompletelynewlook.In1998,theSummerPalacewaslistedasaworldculturalheritagesitebyUNSCEO.
WOODENARCHWAY
Thiswoodenarchwayislocatedabout200metersinfrontoftheEastPalaceGate.ItisthefirstsceneoftheSummerPalacebeforepeoplereachtheEastPalaceGate.ThetwoChinesecharactersonthefrontsideofthearchway‘Hanxu’meansclearwater.Thetwowordsonthebackside‘Yanxiu’suggestthetranquilityofthebeautifulparkjustbehindit.ThefourcharactersonbothsidesarewrittenbyEmperorQianlong.
THEEASTPALACEGATE
TheEastPalaceGateisthemainentranceandalsothefrontentrancetotheSummerPalace.Intheolddaystheemperorandempresswentinthroughthecentralgate,whichwascalled”theimperialgateway”.Theprincesandthehigh-rankingofficialsusedthegatewaysonbothsides.Thenorthernandsouthernsidedoorswerefortheeunuchs,palacemaidandtheguards.
ThestoneslabplacedinthemiddlegatewaywasmovedfromYuanmingyuanRuins,madeinQingEmperorQianlong’sreign.Itsreliefstylecarvingdepictstwodragonsplayingwithapearl,symbolizingtheemperor’sdignity.
AbigplaqueishungaboveinthecenteroftheEastPalaceGatewithaChinesecharacters“TheSummerPalace”inEmperorGuangxu’shandwritingEmperorGuangxuprovidedthisgardenfroEmpressDowagerCixitospendherleisurehoursafterherretirementfrompoliticallife.
OneithersideofthegatestandtwobronzelionswhichservedasauspiciousguardianstowardofftheevilspiritsinancientChina.Themaleoneandthefemaleoneareplacedontheleftandrightrespectively.TheyaretheproductsinthetimeofGardenofClearRipples.
THEGATEOFBENEVOLENCEANDLONGEVITY
ThisgateisanarchwaystylestructureinsidetheEastPalaceGate.ItisthesecondgateoftheSummerPalace.Theannexhallsonbothsideswereusedforofficialsonduty.NowtheyareofficesforthestaffmembersworkingintheSummerPalace.
Thetwobigstrange-lookingstonesinfrontoftheGateofBenevolenceandLongevityareknownasthestoneoftheMonkeyKingontheleft,andthePiggyStoneontheright.TheyarethetwolovelyfiguresfromthefamousChineseclassicalnovel.Theyareplacedhereandservedasguardsfortheimperialgarden.
THEHALLOFBENEVOLENCEANDLONGEVITY
Enteringthegate,peoplecanseeahugerockknownasTaihuRock.ItwastransportedfromTaihuLakeinWuxiCity,JiangsuProvinceofthesouthernpartofourcountry,sotherockisnamedTaihuRock.
Therockismorethan3metershighandwasmovedfromShaoyuan,agardenoftheresidenceofMingofficialMiWanzhongwholovedcollectingthegrotesqueshapedrockssomuch.Later,itbecamethePrinceMorgan’sGardenintheQingDynasty,whichisthepresentsideofPekingUniversity.TherearefourgrotesqueshapedrocksmovedfromYuanmingyuanRuinsplacedineachcornerofthiscourtyard,representingthefourseasonsoftheyearmovedfromYuanmingyuan.ThefivedecorativerocksinthecourtyardsymbolizethebeautifulsceneryoffivepeaksinLushanMountain,whichmeanslongevity.Intheolddays,mostoftheimperialgardensweredecoratedwithTaihurocksbecauseTaihurockhasnaturalbeautywithnaturalholesthatweremadefromrushingwaterinthelake.
ThebronzemythicalanimalbehindtheTaihuRockisknownasBronzeQilin,whichisplacedinthecenterofthecourtyard.AccordingtoancientChinesemythology,thedragonhadninesons,butnoneofthembecamearealdragon.Thisonewasbelievedtobeoneofthesonsofthedragon.Ithastheheadofadragon,theantlersofadeer,thehoovesofanox,thetailsofalionandthebodyofafishwithscalesalloverit.Asamatteroffact,nosuchkindofanimalexistsintheworld.ThereasonwhyitwasputhereinfrontoftheHallofBenevolenceandLongevitywastheemperorbelievedthatitcoulddetectanydisloyalsubjectsordistinguishgoodandevil,aswellastowardofftheevilspirits.
Originally,thisBronzeQilinwasplacedintheGateofChangchunyuan,itwasmovedtotheSummerPalacein1937.Theotheronewasbrokenandthisonestillhasatraceofscaronitsleftfrontleg.
TheBronzeIncenseBurnersintheShapeofDragonandPhoenixareplacedoneithersideoftheHallofBenevolenceandLongevity.Theywereusedwhentheemperorgaveanaudienceandsymbolizedpoweranddignityintheolddays.Sandalwoodandincensewereburntinthemwhenanimportantceremonywasheld.Thedragonandthephoenixalwayssymbolizedtheemperorandtheempressrespectively.
Accordingtothefeudalsystem,thedragonshouldbeplacedfrist,adjacenttotheoutsidegate,withthephoenixplacedbyitsside.But,whatpeoplewillseehereisthatthephoenixissituatedfirst,withthedragonplacedbyitsside.ThisisbecausetheEmpressDowagerCixi,whowasinpowerintheQingDynasty,demandedthatthedragonandphoenixincenseburnersbeplacedinthatway.
JustliketheHallofSupremeHarmonyintheForbiddenCity,therehadtobeathronehallfortheemperortohandlethestateaffairsineveryQingimperialgarden,withnoexceptionintheSummerPalace.SotheHallofSupremeHarmonywasapoliticalareaintheSummerPalace.
ThisHallwasfirstbuiltin1750.DuringthetimeofGardenofClearRipples,itwascalledtheHallofDiligentGovernment.Thehallwasburntdownin1860bytheAnglo-FrenchAlliedForcesandwaschangedtothepresentnamewhenitwasrebuiltin1889.
InsidetheHallofBenevolenceandLongevitypeoplecanseetheemperor’sthronecarvedwithanine-dragondesign,placedinthemiddleofthedais,symbolizingthesupremepoweroftheemperor.
Hungabovetheemperor’sthroneisaplaquewithfourChine
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