英语学习之经典翻译中国历史年表翻译.docx

英语学习之经典翻译中国历史年表翻译.docx

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英语学习之经典翻译中国历史年表翻译

PeriodsofChineseHistory

Skipto:

1.ThePre-Imperial（Feudal）Era（Periods1-4,endingin222BC）

2.EarlyImperialEra（Periods5-6,221BC-AD220）

3.FirstIntermediateEra（Periods7-10,AD220-581）

4.MiddleImperialEra（Periods11-12,AD581-907）

5.SecondIntermediateEra（Periods13-14,AD907-979）

6.ThirdImperialEra（Periods15-19,AD960-1367）

7.ModernEra（Periods20-23,AD1368topresent）

8.TableofImperialReigns（NamesofEmperors）

Introduction

InEgyptianhistory,dynastiesarenamed,andoneknowsfromthenumbersthattheVthdynastycomesbeforetheXVIIIth.Chinesedynasties,however,arenumbered,andittakessomestudybeforeoneknowsthattheHàndynastycomesbeforetheYuán.Worseyet,althoughsomedynasties,liketheTángandtheMíng,werequitelongandcontrolledallornearlyalloftheterritorythatistodayChina,manywereshortandcontrolledonlysomeregions,whilecompetingstates（alsowithdynasticnames）controlledotherareas.

InanefforttosimplifythetaskonthemodeloftheEgyptianchronology,thiswebsiteusesperiodnumberstodesignatedynasties.Inafewcasesofveryshortandregionallycircumscribed"dynasties,"Ihavelumpedthemunderasinglenumberandappendedletterstoit.

Whenonlyagrossdesignationisnecessary,Ihaveconfinedmyselftoanumber（from00to23）.Whengreaterdetailisuseful,Ihaveaddedalettersuffix.Forexample,15aisthewholeoftheSòngdynasty,but15bistheearlierSòng,specifiedinChineseastheNorthernSòng（Bĕisòng北宋）,and15cisthelater,SouthernSòng（Nánsòng南宋）.

WithinthedynastiesIhavenumberedthemonarchs.Thus15c3isGuāngzōng光宗,theSouthernSòngemperorwhoreignedfrom1189to1194.Chinesesourcesoftendateeventsonlytoadynastyoronlytoareign,sohavingaconvenientcodeavoidstheinaccuracytotranslatingsuchdatesintoroughcenturies,aswenormallydoinEnglish.

Sinceearlydatesdifferconsiderablyintheircorrelationwiththewesterncalendar,IhaveavoidedgivingdatesBCorADforearlyperiodsonmanypages.

ThepageyouarereadingprovdesaquickoverviewoftheChinesedynastiesasIhavenumberedthem（which,exceptforthenumbers,isprettymuchhoweverybodyelseordersthemtoo）.Thelinksontheperiodnumberstakeyoudirectlytoafulllistofallthemonarchsandtheirtraditionaldates.TonesandcharactersareprovidedforallChinesewords.（IntheassociatedtablesthetonesaregivenasnumbersandthecharactersuseBig-5encodingratherthanUnicode.Thatisbecausethosepagesareolder.Ifyoursystemcanreadone,itcanprobablyreadtheother.）

Onthispage,linksareprovidedtoPaulFrankenstein'susefulCondensedChina:

ChineseHistoryforBeginners,thathappenstobeavailableontheInternet.

Returntotop.

1.ThePre-Imperial（Feudal）Era（Periods1-4,endingin222BC）

Period00Archaeologicallyknownpre-ShāngChina.

Ihaveusedthezeropointforallthatisarchaeologicallyknownanddatesbeforethefoundingoftheearliestknowndynasty.Incontrast,periods01and02areusedtoacknowledgethesometimesquitedetailedtraditionsofancientChinesehistoriansabouttheirremotepast.

Period01MythicalPeriodofthe"FiveEmperors"五帝紀WŭDìJì（ReignList）

Chinesetraditionpostulatesaperiodofgreatcultureheroeswhoinventedtheartsofcivilization,followedbythefoundationofadynasticlinereferredtoasXià（q.v.）TheperiodoftheFiveEmperorsistraditionallyconsideredtorunfromabout10,000BCtoabout2207BC.

Period02Xià夏dynasty（ReignList

ThereisnoarchaeologicalevidenceofadynasticstatethatwouldcorrespondwiththeXià,whichisthereforeassumedtobea"dummydynasty"postulatedbytraditionalChinesehistorianstorefertothepost-mythical,pre-stateNeolithicsocietyofChina.Thetraditionaldatingwas2257to1766BC.ModernChinesesourcestendtodatethisperiodasextendingfromabouttheXXIIndorXXIstcenturyBC.untilabouttheXVIIthcenturyBC.

（Linktohistoricaloverview）

Period03Shāng商dynasty（ReignList）

Traditionaldatingwas1765-1122BC.EvidenceismixedastothedatingoftheShāngstate,butmodernauthoritiestendtoputitintheXVIIthcenturyBC.untilabouttheXIthcenturyBC.

Firstexamplesofwritingcomefromthisperiod:

inscribedoxscapulaeandtortoisecarapcacesconstituting"oraclebones";theseemtoinvolvequeriestoancestorsorgods,oftenaboutweather.Royaltombs（withhumansacrifices）butonlymodestpalace.

（Linktohistoricaloverview）

Period04Zhōu周dynasty（ReignList）

Traditionaldatingwas1121-222BC.ModernsourcesassumeastartingdateoftheXIthcenturyBCandanendingdateof222or221.

TheZhōuperiod（04a）isdividedintotheWestern（04b）（Linktohistoricaloverview）andtheEastern（04c）periods,followedbyageneralchaos,referredtoasthe"Spring&Autumn"（Chūnqiū春秋）period（04d）inthenorthandthe"WarringStates"（Zhànguó戰國）period（04e）,roughlyoverlappingintimewithmuchofperiod04c.（Linktohistoricaloverview）

ThiswastheclassicperiodoffeudalisminChina.Theendoftheperiod（04e）producedmajorphilosophicalworks,includingthewritingsofLăozĭandZhuāngzĭandmostoftheConfucianCanon.

Returntotop.

2.EarlyImperialEra（Periods5-6,221BC-AD220）

Period05Qín秦dynasty（221-206BC）（ReignList）

Thisbriefandbrutaldynastyisimportantbecauseitendedfeudalismandestablishedtheimperialstate,headedwithatotalitarianemperorwiththerighttointerveneinallaspectsofprivateandpubliclife.ThefamousfirstemperorofQínstandardizedeverythingfromaxlelengthsandweightsandmeasurestowrittencharacters.Mostnon-medicalandnon-divinatorybooksweredestroyed.ThedifferentiationofreligiousfromphilosophicalTaoismisdatedtothistimebymanywriters.（Caution:

Communistwritersarerequiredtousetheword"feudal"（fēngjiàn封建）asapejorativetermforallofpre-CommunistChinesehistory.）

（LinktoHistoricalOverview）

Period06Hàn漢dynasty（206BC-AD220）（ReignList）

ThisperiodisdividedintotheWesternHàn（06b）andtheEasternHàn（06d）,interruptedbyabriefrebellionthatclaimeddynasticstatus（06c）undertheterroristbanditWángMăng王莽.

ThisperiodsawagreatexpansionoftheareaundertheswayofthecentralizedChinesestate.ConfucianismemergedastheregnanttheoryofgoverningasacanonwasproducedfrommemoryofearlierConfuciantexts.BuddhismfirstentersChinainthisperiod.

（LinktoHistoricalOverview）

Returntotop.

FirstIntermediateEra（Periods7-10,AD220-581）

Period07ThreeKingdomsorSānguó三國（220-280）（ReignList）

ThebreakdownoftheHàncameaboutaslocalwarlordsassertedgreaterandgreaterauthorityintheirrealms.Thenameofthepost-Hàn--ThreeKingdoms--periodreferstothreepowerfulstatesthatIhavedesignated07b（thestateofWèi魏）,07c（thestateofShŭhàn蜀漢）and07d（thestateofWú吳）.

Aseriesofsouthernstatesinperiods07,08,and10arecollectivelyreferredtobysomewriters（especiallyarthistorians）asthe"SixDynasties"（Liùcháo六朝,period07e）,atermthatignoresthecomplexitygoingonfurthernorth.

ThisperiodsawtheriseofNeo-Taoism,aninterestsometimesattributedtothesenseofdisappointmentatthefailureofConfucianismtopreventtheHànstatefromfallingapart.

（LinktoHistoricalOverview）

Period08Jìn晉dynasty（AD265-420）（ReignList）

UsageNote:

TheJìndynasty（period08）isnottobeconfusedwiththeJīn金dynasty（period18）.FormerlytheJìn（08）wasspelled"Tsin"andtheJīn（18）wasspelled"Chin"toavoidahomonymwithoutusingatonemark.IntonelessPinyin,Jìn（08）isspelled"Jin"andJīn（18）isspelled"Kin"forthesamereason.Peoplewhousetonemarksdonothavetodealwiththeproblem.

Thislargelynorthernregimeoverlappedintimewithperiod09inthesouth,asignofthepoliticalweaknessofthetime.EscapistBuddhismflourishedinthisperiod.

Period0916StatesorShíliùguó十六國dynasty（AD304-439）（ReignList）

Theseareaseriesofsmallkingdomsoverlappingwithperiod08andwitheachother.Ihaveassignedeachofthemaletter.ThestateofWesternQín（Xīqín西秦）is09h,forexample.

Period10Northern&SouthernDynastiesorNánbĕicháo南北朝（420-489inthesouth,to581inthenorth）（ReignList）

Returntotop.

MiddleImperialEra（Periods11-12,AD581-907）

Period11Suí隋dynasty（581-618）（ReignList）

（LinktoHistoricalOverview）

Period12Táng唐dynasty（618-907）（ReignList）

InstitutionalizedBuddhismhadbecomeoverwhelminglyimportantbythedawnofthisdynasty,andintheendthedecisionwastakentodestroyitinthegreatpersecutionofAD845,fromwhichBuddhismasaninstitutionalentityneverrecovered.Thisperiodsawthedawnofthecivilserviceintheformthatwastopersistuntiltheendofthedynasticperiod.ThisisthegoldenageofChinesepoetry,butmuchself-consciouslyartfulprosewaswrittenaswell.Importantoverseastradebroughtproductsthatcausedahighlevelofenthusiasmforcosmopolitanism.

（LinktoHistoricalOverview）

Returntotop.

SecondIntermediateEra（Periods13-14,AD907-979）

Period13FiveDynastiesorWŭdài五代dynasty（907-960）（ReignList）

Period14TenStatesorShíguó十國dynasty（902-979）（ReignList）

Returntotop.

ThirdImperialEra（Periods15-19,AD960-1367）

Period15Sòng宋dynasty（960-1279）（ReignList）

PartlyundertheinfluenceofphilosophicalBuddhism,severalwritersemergeasNeo-Confucians,whosereinterpretationsoftheConfucianCanonweretoremainthestateorthodoxyfortheevaluationofentriesincivilserviceexams.Inthelaterportionofthisperiod（15c）t