红帽子认证第二章 安装计划和硬件选择.docx
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红帽子认证第二章 安装计划和硬件选择.docx
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红帽子认证第二章安装计划和硬件选择
红帽子认证第二章安装计划和硬件选择
PreparationCertificationObjectives
2、01PlanningtheInstallation
2、02IntelCPUHardwareSelectionandConfigurationPackagestoBeInstalled、1PartitioningtheDrive、1HardwareCompatibility、4RAMSizingandCacheIssues、5DiskSubsystems(IDE,EIDE,andSCSI)
5IRQSettings、8IRQsandStandardSerialPorts、11SerialandOtherInterfaceMice、11PCCard(PCMCIA)
12OneofthestrongpointsofRedHatLinuxisitseasyinstallation、Thereareseveraldifferentmethodsofinstallation,andeachofthemisautomatedtoaconsiderabledegree、However,beforetheactualinstallation,somepreparationisnecessary、CERTIFICATIONOBJECTIVE
2、01PlanningtheInstallationBeforeanysoftwarecanbeinstalled,thecomputerhastobeabletorecognizethehardwareitwillbeusing、Theinstallationprocesswillaskyouaboutyourhardware,sohavethisdatareadybeforeyoustart、Youshouldknowthemakeandmodelnumberforeachofthefollowingpiecesofhardware,ifyouhavethem:
SCSIcontrollersNetworkinterfacecards(NIC)
VideocardsSoundcardsYoumightalsoneedotherinformation,suchasthebaseI/Oaddressandinterruptthateachpieceofhardwareuses、Laterinthischapter,welldiscusshardwarecompatibilityforLinux、PackagestoBeInstalledRedHatLinuxcomesconvenientlybundledwithanarrayofpre-configuredsoftwarepackages、Mostlikely,youwillnotneedtoinstallallofthesepackages,andforsecurityreasons(orofficepolicy)
itisagoodideanotto、YourbossmightnotappreciatetheofficenetworkbeingusedtoservepersonalWebpagesfromeachemployeesinstallationofanApacheWebserver、Also,everycomputeronyournetworkdoesntneedtoruntheinndnetworknewsservice、Limitthepackagesyouinstalltoonlytheonesyouneed、Ifotherpackagesarerequiredlater,theycanbeinstalledeasilyenoughwiththerpmtool、PartitioningtheDriveItisrecommendedthatyoumakeseveralpartitionswhenpreparingyourharddrivetoinstallLinux、Thisisagoodideaforvariousreasons、First,RedHatLinuxrunstwofilesystems:
aLinuxnativefilesystem,andaLinuxswapspace、Second,ifyouwanttoinstallRedHatLinuxandanotheroperatingsystemonthesamecomputer,youwillhavetocreateseparatepartitionsforeach、Thefollowingsectiondiscussesmoreadvantagesofmakingpartitions、StabilityandSecurityTheLinuxnativefilesystemisusuallydividedamongmanyharddrivepartitions、Therecommendedconfigurationisaseparatepartitionforeachofthesedirectories:
/,/usr,/tmp,/var,and/homeaswellasseparatepartitionsforcorporatedata,databaseservices,andeventheWebandFTPsitesiftheyareexpectedtobelarge、Partitioningtheharddriveinthismannerkeepssystem,application,anduserfilesisolatedfromeachother、ThisaidsinprotectingthefilespacethattheLinuxkernelandtherestofyourapplicationsuse、Filescannotgrowacrosspartitions、Therefore,anapplicationthatuseshugeamountsofdiskspace,suchasanewsgroupserver,willnotbeabletouseupallofthediskspaceneededbytheLinuxkernel、Anotheradvantageisthatifabadspotdevelopsontheharddrive,itwillbeeasiertorestoreasinglepartitionthantheentiresystem、Stabilityisimproved、Security,also,isimproved、Multiplepartitionsgiveyoutheabilitytomountsomefilesystemsasread-only、Forexample,ifthereisnoreasonforanyuser(evenroot)
towritetothe/usrdirectory,mountingthatpartitionasread-onlywillhelpprotectthosefilesfrombeingtamperedwith、Whiletherearemanyincentivestopartitioningyourdiskspace,itmightnotbedesirableforyou、Forsingle-usersystems,orwherediskspaceisscarce,asimplerfilesystemlayoutwouldbecalledfor、Forexample,ifthe/vardirectoryisonitsownpartitionof300MB,only100MBmightbeused、Thatmakes200MBofwasteddiskspace、AsofRH
7、x,boththewebandftpdocumentrootshavebeenaddedto/var、Thesemayaddadditionaldiskspacerequirementsfor/var、Currently,thereisnoeasywaytoresizeLinuxpartitions、Therefore,alotofcarefulconsiderationshouldbeputintowhetheryouwanttopartitionyourdiskspace,andhowtodoit、HowMuchSpaceIsRequired?
YoushouldsizeyourLinuxpartitionsaccordingtoyourneedsandthefunctionofthecomputer、Forexample,amailserverwillrequiremorespaceforthe/vardirectorybecausethemailspoolresidesin/var/spool/mail、Youmayevenwanttocreateaseparatepartitionjusttoaccommodate/var/spool/mail、AsofRH
7、x,boththewebandftpdocumentrootshavebeenaddedto/var、Thesemayaddadditionaldiskspacerequirementsfor/var、Generally,therootpartitionisarelativelymodestsize,andtherestissplitupdependingonsystemuse、Example:
FileServerIftheLinuxsystemyouareinstallingistobeafileserver,thenyourfilesystemcouldlooksomethinglikeTable2-
1、FilesystemSize(MB)
Mountedon/dev/sda1400//dev/sda52000/var/dev/sda6300/usr/dev/sda760Swapspace/dev/sda81000/home/dev/sda93000/home/sharedTable1:
ExampleDiskPartitionSchemeforaLinuxFileServerThe/usrfilesystemislargeenoughtohaveSambainstalled,aswellasX11,ifthatisdesired、Mostofthediskspacehasbeenallocatedto/var,forthelogfiles,FTPandHTTPDservices,to/home,forusersownfiles,andto/home/shared,forcommonfiles、Ofcourse,thisisonlyanexample、Theamountofdiskspaceyouallocateforfilesharingwilldependonfactorssuchasthenumberofusersandthetypeoffilestheyworkon、LinuxSwapSpaceNormally,Linuxcanuseamaximum4GBofswapspace、This4GBcanbespreadoveramaximumofeightpartitions、Notethateachswappartitionisrestrictedtoamaximumof2G
B、Thereisnoauthoritativeformulafordecidinghowmuchswapspaceshouldbemade,butyoucanmakeanestimatebasedonthetypicalUNIXruleofthumb,swapspaceshouldbetwotothreetimestheamountofRAM、DiskspaceisverycheapcomparedtoRAM、Themaximumamountofmemoryyoursystemwilluseisthesumofallofthememoryrequirementsofeveryprogramthatyouwilleverrunatonce、Youprobablyhavenoideahowmuchmemoryyouabsolutelyneed、Youshouldbuyasmuchmemoryasyoucanafford、ThepriceofmemoryisCHEAPcomparedtoyourtimeinthelongruntryingtotuneanunderpoweredsystem、Linuxwillcomfortablyrunin32MBofRAM;64MBisbetter,while128MBofRAMandabovearemagical!
Linuxwasabletoaddress1GBofRAMforsystemsrunningwithPentium1andbelowCPUs、Linuxkernel
2、2wasabletoaddress4GBofRAM(usingtheEnterprisekernel)
withnewerPentiumIIandhighersystems、Withthenew
2、4kernelinRedHat
7、1,LinuxhasextendeditsmemorycapabilitiesonPentiumIIandhighersystemsto64GBofRAM、ThetotalamountofaddressablespaceforanyoneprogramtouseisthesumofavailableRAMandswapspace、Ingeneral,Linuxutilitiesareusuallysmallbutforsomethinglikeadatabaseservice,whichcanloadhugetablesintomemoryandmightpossiblyusealltheavailablememorywhiledoingso、Thesamegoesforvideoproductions,high-endgraphicsapplicationsthatcreatecartoonsandGISsystemstonameafew、Youmusthavesomeswapspace,assuggestedearlier;twotothreetimestheamountofRAMiscommon、LinuxactivelyusesswapasadditionalRAMspaceforprograms-andnotjustwhenphysicalmemoryisfull、Pagesofmemorythathaventbeenusedforasignificantamountoftimewillbeswappedoutinanattempttoutilizeasmuchphysicalmemoryaspossible、Essentially,youdoNOTwantyoursystemtobeusingswapconsistently、YoushouldaddmoreRAMifswappingisbeingusedheavily、Swapspaceisondisk,whichrunsfivetosixordersofmagnitudeslowerthanRAM,soitisasignificantperformancehit、Thatsaid,youstillmusthaveswapspaceforthoseunexpectedeventswhenthesystemneedsmorememoryspace、Keepinmind,too,theinstallationwillattempttoputtheswappartitionclosetothefrontofthediskforwhateverspeedimprovementitcanget、Anotherwaytospeedupswappingistoplaceswappartitionsstrategically、Youarentlimitedtohavingoneswappartitioninoneplace、Thisisespeciallyusefulifyouareusingmorethanoneharddiskonmorethanonecontroller、Youcouldputsomeswapspaceonaharddiskoneachcontroller、Ifonecontrollerisbusy,thenanothercanbeusedforswapping、Also,whereyouputtheswapspaceontheharddiskcanaffectperformance、Ifthedatabeingusedmostoftenisatthebeginningofthedisk,butyourswapspaceexistsattheend,thedrivehastoworkhardertomovebetweenthedataandswapspace、Keepingyourswapspaceclosetoyour"busy"datawillresultinmoreefficientuseofyourharddrive、BIOSLimitsBeawarethatsomecomputers,builtbefore1998,mayhaveaBIOS(BasicInput/OutputSystem)
that,atbootup(underDOS),limitsaccesstoharddisksbeyondtheir1024cylinder、Acommoneffectofthisproblemisyourcomputersinabilitytoseeanypartitionspastthefirst512MBofdiskspaceatboottime、Ifthislimitationaffectsyourcomputer,donotplaceanybootablepartitionsafterthisbarrierortheBIOSwillnotbeabletoaccessthemandyourLinuxoperatingsystemwillnotbeabletoload、PartitioningUtilitiesTherearemanydisk-partitioningutilitiesforLinux-evenutilitiesthatdonotrununderLinux、TwoofthemainutilitiesthatcomepackagedwithRedHat
7、xarefdisk/cfdiskand(duringtheinstallationstepsonly)
DiskDruid、(Note:
cfdiskissimilartofdisk,butwithafullscreeninterface)、Theyallworktowardsthesameend,butRedHatrecommendsyouuseDiskDruidduringtheinstallation、Itissafertousethanfdisk,andithasagraphicalinterfacethatmakesitsuseeasier、Bothfdiskandcfdiskare
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- 红帽子认证第二章 安装计划和硬件选择 红帽子 认证 第二 安装 计划 硬件 选择