多用户博客系统外文翻译范文.docx
- 文档编号:28428009
- 上传时间:2023-07-13
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:21
- 大小:45.50KB
多用户博客系统外文翻译范文.docx
《多用户博客系统外文翻译范文.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《多用户博客系统外文翻译范文.docx(21页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
多用户博客系统外文翻译范文
外文文献资料
(外文文件名:
Defining,Modeling,andSolvinga RealUniversity CourseTimetablingProblem)
Introduction
Aswithmanyreallife problems,theuniversity coursetimetablingproblem canbemessyandcomplicated.Solvingtheuniversity coursetimetabling probleminvolvesmanypeoplecommunicatingtotrytoachieveatimetablethat meetsaset ofrequirements andgoals.AsexplainedinChapter3,theliteratureonautomated timetablingoftentakesagiven timetablingproblemandreduces ittoa mathematicaldefinition,whichcanthenbe solved.Inreality,thereis a lotmoretoareal world timetabling problemthan whatisrepresentedinsucha definition.Thetimetablingprocess islongandconsistsofmany stagesbefore thatofactuallyplacing coursesintotimeslots.Thefirst stageof solvingaproblem inORinvolvesadetailedstudyofthesystem, identifyingspecificproblems, systemconstraints,and objective functions.
This chapterlooks,in detail,atthetimetablingproblem atthefaculty ofapplied scienceandengineering attheUniversity ofToronto(APSC).Theprocessdescribedistheonethat tookplacein ordertocreatethetimetableforthe2006-2007 school year.Thisprocessshowshowreal worldproblemsareactuallymuchmorecomplicatedthan whatappearsinamathematicalmodel.As well, a detailedanalysisof agivenproblemisasteptowardscreatinga problemdefinition.Itallowsonetoidentifyalloftheprocessissues,constraints,restrictions,andgoals, therebyprovidingabaseof informationthatmaybeincludedina problemdefinition.
TheundergraduateprogramatAPSC consistsoffouryearsofstudy.There are4000students,over1200ofwhicharefirst years.There are sevendepartmentsandnine degreeprogramstotaling79POSts1.There are219facultymembers,12buildings, and 80lab rooms that are managedinternally.The facultyusesa softwareschedulingpackage thatis part oftheSyllabusPlussuiteof schedulingproducts.Inparticularthesoftware CoursePlanner (CP)is usedtoschedule,identifyissues,andsupportdecisions.CPisasoftwarepackagethat usesseveral heuristicswhenscheduling. 75% oftimetablesaredelivered to theindividualstudentconflict-free,basedonprogramstructure.Inthefollowing sections,wedescribethegoalsthatthetimetabletriestoachieve,theconstraintsinvolved,andthestrategy,the process, usedwhencreatingthetimetable.Wethenoutlinesomeproblematic areasexistinginthecurrentprocessand highlighttheareaswhere ITcouldbehelpful. Identifyingareas where ITcouldbehelpfulshould maketheproblemdefinitionproblemeasier.
Constraints
Inthetimetabling domain,therearetwotypesofconstraints.Hardconstraintsareconstraintsthatcannot beviolatedbecause iftheywere, theschedule wouldbeinfeasible.Softconstraints,otherwise knownaspreferences,aretheretomake thetimetableasgoodaspossible. Fewersoftconstraint violations meanthatthescheduleisbetter.In addition,intheUniversity ofTorontoexample,therearecertainsituationsthat arise,duetothenatureoftheprogram,thatseriously constraintheschedule.Althoughtheseareconstraintsinaslightlydifferentmeaning,theywillbe referredtoasconstrainingfactorsand theywill be listed inthissectionas well.
Strategy
Thereisnowrittenprotocolthat isfollowedwhen creating thetimetable. Thisisbecauseeveryyearisuniqueand different than theprevious one. Thereis,however,ageneralstrategythatisused. Thebasicstepsthatmake upthescheduling process arethesame each year.Firstisdataacquisition. Secondisdecidingontherolloverstrategy. Therolloverstrategyisdeciding whatpartof thepreviousyear's scheduleiskeptandrolled over for thefollowingyear.Afterthe rolloverstrategyis determined, eachyear'stimetableis scheduled,oneatatime,startingwiththefirstyearprogramandfinishingoffwiththefourthyear.
The schedulingprocessreally beginsbeforethe dataacquisitionstage,withthecreationofthe curriculumandcalendar.However, thispartofthe processisnotdiscussed here.Inthefollowingsections,each stepintheaboveschedulingprocess will belooked atinmoredetail.
ProblemsintheProcess
Thereare manyareasoftheprocess wherethereisa needfor improvement.Theseproblems range fromtechnicalissuessuchastherebeingtoomuchdatabeingenteredmanually, tocommunicationissues,to politicalissueswithinthefaculty. Some canbenefitfromanITsolution,andsomecannot.
IT Solutions
Thereareseveralinstances duringthe processwhere automationwould behelpful.Theobviousoneisthatof thecreation ofthetimetable.Softwareis currentlyused,butthat softwarerequiresalotofinteractionand inaway itismerely adatabasethatholds dataandnotifiesthe user when conflictsexist,while thetimetableisactuallycreatedmanually. TheCPsoftwarecanscheduleautomatically, but fromexperience, thecreatedschedulesareoftenquitefar fromideal.CPoftenhasalot of difficultyfinding atimetablethatdoesn't violate constraints.CP does,afterall,use heuristicstomake itsschedulingdecisions,which maynotbe thebestoption.Usingmathematicalprogramming,a modelcouldbecreated tosolve theAPSCtimetablingproblem.Suchamodelmightnotrequire as much interaction. Itwouldtakethedataandcreateatimetable, whichcouldthenbe modified bytheuser. Thereare other areas,earlierintheAPSC processthatcould also benefit fromautomation.Thedirectorof schedulinghasidentifiedtheseareasaswell astheproposedsolution.Onesuchareaisthe stepofverifyingthe CP andcalendardata.This iscurrentlyamanual,two-personprocessinvolvingcross-checkingdatafromthree differentsources.Ifthesedatawereconnected electronically, alotoftimewouldbesaved.Also, duringthe data acquisitionphase,dataiscollectedthrough spreadsheets. Theprocess involvespassingbackand forthinformation thatgetschangedslightly eachtime.Thisprocess iscurrentlydonemanually, creatingmanyopportunities formiscommunicationanderrors.Errorsincludefillingoutformsincorrectlyas well asmissinginformation. Athirdarea where automationwouldbehelpfulisthatofupdatingtheCP data afterthespreadsheetsare completed.Thisisdonemanually.
Theproposedsolution,fromthedirectorofscheduling, isto maketheprocessofverifying, collecting, and updatingdataelectronic. Adatabasecouldbe createdfrom whichthe calendardatacouldbeuploadedelectronicallytoCP. Also,data collectioncouldbedone through onlineforms, wherethere couldbeinputrestrictionssothatthe counselorswould not beallowedto fillouttheformsincorrectlyand blank slotswould not be permitted.Thedata fromtheseformscould thenbeuploaded electronically intoCP.Suchasolution wouldsavealot of timeas wellasprevent many errors.
Another areawhereanITsolution wouldbeusefulisthatofthedisconnectbetweenthesystemsusedfortheschedule. Whenachangeismade totheschedule, threesystemsmustbeupdated:
CP,ROSI,andthe RoomReservation System(RRS).Often,therearedifferentpeopleupdatingthedifferentsystemsand ifit isnot donesimultaneously, someonemaywork ononeofthesystemsassumingitisuptodate whenit isnot. This can cause problems. Itwould beusefultoconnectthesystemssothatwhenoneisupdated, so aretheothers.
Non-ITSolutions
Therearetwo reasonswhyanITsolutionmaynot be possible:
thereis noIT solutionthat appliestothe specific problem, or theITsolutionthatappliesisnotfeasible.
The biggest issue existinginthe currenttimetablingprocessisthatof communicationduringthedataacquisitionphase.Duringthisphase,thecounselorsare supposedtoget all therequirementsfrom thefaculty inregards totheirschedulepreferences andnecessities.Faculty aresupposedtosupplytheirdepartments withthedeliveryof thecoursestheywillbeteaching. Delivery refersto the numberofsectionsthecourseshould haveandthenumber andlengthofall meetingsof thecourse. Facultymembersare also supposedtosupplytheirroomingrequirements.It isverycommoninthecurrentprocessthatfacultymembersdo not supplymuchdataduringthedataacquisitionphase.Insuch cases,it isassumed that there arenostrictconstraintsandthatthe deliveryis thesameas whatiswritteninthe calendar.Itisalsoverycommonfor suchfacultymembersto cometotheschedulingofficewithdemands orcomplaintsoncethescheduleiscompletedand uploaded.These demands rangefromwantingdifferentroomstowantingto changea one-hourlabtobeathree-hourlab.
AlthoughitmaybepossibletohaveanITsolution wherefacultymemberscould entertheir dataonline,instead ofgoing throughthecounselor,itislikelyinfeasibletoexpect "buy in"fromallthefacultymembers.A morerealisticsolutionwould betodevelopa writtenpolicythatincludesadatebywhichthedepartmentsmusthave alltheirteachingassignmentsdone, adatebywhichthefacultymembersmustsubmittheir schedulingdata, andwhatdatamustbeincluded.Theschedulingofficewouldthenbe requiredtoapprove any deviationsfrom thefaculty members'requestsandtherewouldbenochangesmade oncethescheduleisuploaded.A similarpolicywouldbeusefulin regardstothe developmentof curriculum.There shouldbeno changes tocurriculum madepastacertaindate.Implementingsucha strictsetofruleswouldnotbeasimpletask.Ideally,thecurriculumcommitteewouldbeayearaheadofwhere theyarenow. Adjusting to thattimelinewould taketime andeffortandalthoughitwouldbeniceforscheduling,itwouldmeanthatitwouldtakea yearlongerforcurriculumch
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 多用户 博客 系统 外文 翻译 范文