川大博士英语考试真题.docx
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川大博士英语考试真题.docx
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川大博士英语考试真题
PartIReadingComprehension(40points)
Directions:
Thereare8readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosethebestoneandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.
Passage1
Electronicsworksasaslaveonthesea-bedandinspace;inmarketingandonthemoon;inhospitalsandontheracetrack.Andyetthisrevolutiononlybeganwiththethermionicvalve,developedaftertheWrightbrothersfirstprovedthatheavier-than-airmachinescouldfly.Radiowasthefirstpracticalandcommercialdevelopment,thesecondleapforwardcamein1947withthemorematuresemiconductortechnology.Thencameanewworldofsolidstatedevicesonaminiaturescale,offeringunparalleledbenefitsofspeedandcost.
Pre-transistorequipmentisnowviewedascrudeandclumsy,yetitmanagestoproducesuchfar-reachingtechniquesasradar.Computersmadebeforethetransistorwereelementary,enormousandslowbymodernstandards.Therevolutionreacheditspeakinthelate1950s,withthesuccessfulbreakthroughintotheworldofmicro-electronics.Thisisanewseriesofmicro-miniatureelectronicdevicesinthesolidstate,offeringalmostlimitlessscopeindesigningandproducingcompletecircuitsonatinychipofsilicon,notmuchbiggerthanapin-head.However,theconventionaltechnologyoftheday----basedonthetransistor----hadbeendevelopedtoquiteasophisticatedlevel.Thusitwaspossibletofitessentialelectronicstoearthsatellitesandspaceprobes,totakethecomputertoamoreadvancedstageandtostartanentirelynewindustry.Todaymicro-electronicsstandsasthefoundationoftheindustry’stotalfuture,offeringvastpotentialities.Thesceneinthenextcenturycannotbepreciselypredicted,butclearlytheeffortsofthisindustrywillbeaimedatmakinglifeeasier.Advancedelectroniccontroltechniqueswilltakethedrudgeryoutofmostwork;thefactoryandofficewilllargelybethearenaofautomationandevenhouseworkwillbemoreaquestionofefficientprogramming,ratherthanoftediouschores.
Thisoutlookposessomeofthelargestproblemsthatthisrelativelyyoungindustryhashadtoface.Untilrecently,theelectronicsindustryhasbeenmoreconcernedwithdevelopingthetechnology.Nowmanyoftheapplicationsdictatethetechnology.Yesterdayitwashardtoimagineanotherbreakthroughasimportantasthesiliconintegratedcircuit----todayweareenteringanewworld----theworldofthemicroprocessor,justfifteenyearsaftertheindustrycametoadolescence.
1.Howarethepre-transistorcomputersviewednow
a.Pre-transistorcomputersarenowviewedascrudeandclumsy.
b.Pre-transistorcomputersmanagedtoproducefar-reachingtechniques.
c.Pre-transistorcomputersarenowviewedaselementary,enormousandslow.
d.Pre-transistorcomputersaremowviewedasmodernandadvanced.
2.Whendidmicro-electronicscomeintobeing
a.In1947.
b.Inthelate1950s.
c.Whenanewworldofsolidstatedevicesonaminiaturescalecame.
d.Whencomputersweremade.
3.Whatarethedifferentstagesofthedevelopmentofelectronics
a.Thermionicvalve----semicondutor----solidstatedevices----microprocessor.
b.Solidstatedevices----micro-electronics----integratedcircuit.
c.Thermionicvalve----micro-electronics----integratedcircuit.
d.Thermionicvalve----solidstatedevices----micro-electronics----microprocessor.
4.Whatisthelatestdevelopmentofelectronics
a.Theworldofthemicroprocessor.
b.Thesiliconintegratedcircuit.
c.Thecompletecircuitsonatinychipofsilicon.
d.Efficientprogramming.
5.Whatisthebesttitleforthearticle
a.TheAdvancedIndustryofElectronics.
b.TheRoleoftheElectronics
c.ProblemsPosedbyElectronics.
d.TheYoungIndustryofElectronics.
Passage2
CanacomputerthinkThaidependsonwhatyoumeanby“think”.Ifsolvingamathematicalproblemis“thinking”,thenacomputercan“think”anddosomuchfasterthanaman.Ofcourse,mostmathematicalproblemscanbesolvedquitemechanicallybyrepeatingcertainstraightforwardprocessesoverandoveragain.Eventhesimplecomputersoftodaycanbegearedforthat.
Itisfrequentlysaidthatcomputerssolveproblemsonlybecausetheyare“programmed”todoso.Theycanonlydowhatmenhavethemdo.Onemustrememberthathumanbeingsalsocanonlydowhattheyare“programmed”todo.Ourgenes“program”ustheinstantthefertilizedovumisformed,andourpotentialitiesarelimitedbythat“program”.
Our“program”issomuchmoreenormouslycomplex,though,thatwemightliketodefine“thinking”intermsofthecreativitythatgoesintowritingagreatplayorcomposingagreatsymphony,inconceivingabrilliantscientifictheoryoraprofoundethicaljudgment.Inthatsense,computerscertainlycan’tthinkandneithercanmosthumans.
Surely,though,ifacomputercanbemadecomplexenough,itcanbemadeascreativeaswe.Ifitcouldbeascomplexasahumanbrain,itcouldbetheequivalentofahumanbrainanddowhateverahumanbraincando.
Tosupposeanythingelseistosupposethatthereismoretothehumanbrainthanthematterthatcomposesit.Thebrainismadeupofcellsinacertainarrangementandthecellsaremadeupofatomsandmoleculesincertainarrangements.Ifanythingelseisthere,nosignsofithaveeverbeendetected.Toduplicatethematerialcomplexityofthebrainistoduplicateeverythingaboutit.
ButhowlongwillittaketobuildacomputercomplexenoughtoduplicatethehumanbrainPerhapsnotaslongassomethink.Longbeforeweapproachanythingascomplexasourbrain,wewillperhapsbuildacomputerthatisatleastcomplexenoughtodesignanothercomputermorecomplexthanitself.Thismorecomplexcomputercoulddesignonestillmorecomplexandsoon.
Inotherwords,oncewepassacertaincriticalpoint,thecomputerstakeoverandthereisa“complexityexplosion”.Inaveryshorttimethereafter,computersmayexistthatnotonlyduplicatethehumanbrain----butfarsurpassit.
6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage
a.HowtoDuplicateHumanBrains
b.CanaComputerThink
c.HowDoesaComputerSolveaMathematicalProblem
d.HowDoHumanBeingsThink
7.Whatdoesthepassagetellusaboutcomputersoftoday
a.Unlikehumanbeings,theyhavetobeprogrammedbeforetheycandoanything.
b.Theyareascomplexashumans.
c.Theyaretheequivalentsofhumanbrains.
d.Theycanduplicatehumanbrains.
8.Inwhatsensedoesthewriterthinkthathumansareprogrammed
a.Theyaredifferentfromeachother.
b.Ourpotentialitiesarelimitedbythat“program”.
c.Theircharacteristics,powers,etc.arefixedbeforebirth.
d.Weshoulddefine“thinking”intermsofcreativity.
9.Whatdoesthewriterthinkaboutthehumanbrain
a.Itisaverycomplexarrangementofatomsandmoleculesincells.
b.Itismadeupofcellsinacertainarrangement.
c.Itismorecomplexthancomputer,soitcandoeverythingacomputercando.
d.Itismadeupofatomsandmolecules.
10.Asitisusedinthesecondparagraphofthepassage,whatdoestheword“ovum”mean
a.Cellb.Molecules
c.Germ.d.Afemalegermorsexcell.
Passage3
InNovember1965,NewYorkwasblackedoutbyanelectricityfailure.Theauthoritiespromisedthatitwouldnothappenagain.Pessimistswerecertainthatitwouldoccurwithinfiveyearsatthelatest.InJuly1977,therewasarepeatperformancewhichproducedvaryingdegreesofchaosthroughoutthecityofeightmillionpeople.In1965,thefailureoccurredinthecoolautumnandatatimeofcomparativeprosperity.In1977,thedisasterwasmuchmoreseriousbecauseitcamewhenunemploymentwashighandthecitywassufferingfromoneofitsworstheatwaves.
In1965,therewaslittlecrimeorlootingduringthedarkness,andfewerthanahundredpeoplewerearrested.In1977,hundredsofstoreswerebrokenintoandlooted.Looterssmashedshopwindowsandhelpedthemselvestojewelry,clothesortelevisionsets.Nearly4000peoplewerearrestedbutfarmoredisappearedintothedarknessofthenight.Thenumberofpolicemenavailablewasquiteinadequateandtheywiselyrefrainedfromusingtheirgunsagainstmobswhichfaroutnumberedthemandincludedarmedmen.
Hospitalshadtotreathundredsofpeoplecutbyglassfromshopwindows.Banksandmostbusinessesremainedclosedthenextday.Theblackoutstartedat9:
30.,whenlightninghitknockedoutvitalcables.Manystoreswerethuscaughtbysurprise.
ThevastmajorityofNewYorkers,however,werenotinvolvedinlooting.Theyhelpedstrangers,distributedcandlesandbatteries,andtriedtosurviveinanightmareworldwithouttrafficlights,refrigerators,elevators,waterandelectricalpower.Fortwenty-fourhours,NewYorkrealizedhowhelplessitwaswithoutelectricity.
11.Lookatthefirstparagraph,Whowereright:
theauthoritiesorthepessimists
a.Theauthorities.b.Bothc.Thepessimists.d.Neither
12.Inwhatwaywastheblackoutof1977notreallyarepeatperformance
a.Therewasmuchmoredisorder.
b.Thistimetheelectricitysupplyfailed.
c.Itwasquiteunexpected.
d.Itdidnotoccurwithinfiveyearsof1965.
13.WhatcausedtheblackoutinJuly1977
a.Excessiveheatprobablymadepeopleswitchontoomanyelectricalappliances.
b.Becauseofunemployment,somemachineswerenotinproperorder.
c.Duringastorm,lightingdamagedsupplycables.
d.Thepassagedoesnotmentionthecause.
14.Whydidmanylootersmanagetoescape
a.Thepolicecouldnotseetheminthedark.
b.Manyofthelooterswerearmedwithguns.
c.Therewerenotenoughpolicementocatchthe
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