翻译学.docx

翻译学.docx

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翻译学

外高桥保税区简介

外高桥保税区是中国大陆第一个自由贸易区,它是以出口加工和自由贸易相结合的一个综合型对外开放区域。

位于浦东新区东北端,濒临长江口,距市中心20公里。

外高桥保税区规划面积10平方公里,1995年前计划开发4平方公里。

从1992起的3年内,该区域的建设将以外高桥大厦为中心,向南北俩侧推进,与外高桥港区连成一片。

外高桥保税区将按国际惯例逐步建成太平洋西岸的一个大型自由贸易区

ChapterThree

Schoolsoftranslationtheory

I.literarilyorientedbranchoftranslationtheory.

Time:

beforethe20thcentury

Representatives:

1.CicerointhefirstcenturyBC

whodepartedfromthedogmathattranslationnecessarilyconsistedofaword-for-wordrendering.Byfarthemostinfluentialconcpteinthehistoryoftranslationisthatage-olddichotomyofwordandsense,whichtraditionaltranslationtheorynevermanagetoovercome.Forthenexttwothousandyearstraslationtheorywasmainlylimitedtoaheateddiscussionofthisdichotomy.Theconceptleadstothedebateoverthemeritsofthefaithful（literal）andthefreetranslation,latertothelinguisticallyorientedbranchoftranslationtheoryandliterarilyorientedbranchoftranslationtheory.

2.JohnDryden（1680）:

threetypesoftranslation

metaphrase:

wordforwordtranslation

imitation:

oppositetometaphrase,whichisconfinedbyneitherwordnorsensebutrepresentsalooseapproximationofanauthord’semotionorpassaion.

Paraphrase:

whichexpressesthethoughtorsenseoftheoriginalwithoutbeingenslavedbythewords.

3.AlexanderTytler:

Threelawsoftranslation

*Thatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork.

*Thatthestyleandmannerofwriting

shouldbeofthesamecharaterwiththatoftheoriginal.

*Thatthetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.

II.linguisticallyorientedbranchoftranslationtheory—

equivalence

RepresentativebasedonAppliedLinguistics:

WolframWilss;KatharinaReiss:

WernerKollerinwesternGermany.ThisbranchoftranslationstudiesislinguisticallyorientedandwasforalongtimeclearlydefinedasasubdisciplineofAppliedLinguistics.

RepresentativebasedonLinguistics:

（inthe1960s,theboomofthelinguistictheories）

EugeneA.NidaintheU.S.developedatheoryoftranslationwhichincludedconceptsfromtransformationalgrammar—“formalvs.dynamicequivalence”

J.C.CatfordinEnglandbasedhistranslationtheoryonthesystemicgrammarconceptoftheBritishlinguistM.A.K.Halliday.—

“formalcorrespondenceandtextualequivalence”

III.ManipulationSchool

Representative:

JamesHolmes

（literarypolysystem）

AndreLefevere

SusanBassnett

（viewtranslationstudiesasabranchofcomparativeliterature）

IsraeliScholars:

GideonToury

（descriptivetranslationstudies）

Even-Zohar

（literarypolysystem）

MarySnell-Hornby

（integratedApproach）

ThisschooliscentredroundtheDutchspeakingareaandthelowlandcountries.

IV.BranchofHermenneuticApproachRepresentative:

Schlelermacher（Germany）

Steiner

V.BranchofDeconstructionRepresentative:

Venuti

VI.AmericanTraslationWorkshop

VII.Theoryofinterpretationalschool

InOtherWords:

ACoursebookonTranslation

Chapter2

Equivalenceatwordlevel

2.1Thewordindifferentlanguages

2.2Lexicalmeaning---Diction

Propositionalmeaning

Expressivemeaning

（refertowhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthewritertowardsthereader

Positive---marvelous/portly

Neutral---fat/overweight

Derogatory---idiot/obese

●Aggressivenationsthreatenworldpeace.

●Asalemanmustbeaggressiveifhewantstosucceed.

●Heincitedthesoldierstofightbravely.

●Hewaschargedwithincitingpeopletoviolence.）

Presupposedmeaning

（selectionalrestrictions---

personalsubject

impersnalsubject

collocationalrestrictions）

Evokedmeaning

（dialectvariation

---geographical

---temporal

---social

registervariation

---fieldofdiscourse

---tenorofdiscourse

---modeofdiscourse

2.3Non-equivalenceatwordlevel

（a）Culture-specificconcepts

Speakeasy

Sheik

Flapper

（b）Thesource-languageconceptisnotlexicalizedinthetargetlanguage

（c）Thesource-languagewordissemanticallycomplex

（d）Thesourceandtargetlanguages

makedifferentdistinctionsinmeaning

（e）Thetargetlanguagelacksasuperordinate

（f）Thetargetlanguagelacksaspecificterm

（g）Differencesinphysicalorinterpersonalperspective

（h）Differencesinexpressivemeaning

（i）Differenceinform

（j）Differenceinfrequencyandporposeofusingspecificforms

（k）Theuseofloanwordsinthesourcetext

2.4Strategiesusedbyprofessinal

Traslator

（a）translationbyamoregeneralword

（b）translationbyamoreneutral/lessexpressiveword

（c）translationbyculturalsubstitution

（d）translationusingaloanwordorloanwordplusexplanation

（e）translationbyparaphraseusingarelatedword

（f）translationbyparaphraseusingunrelatedwords

（g）translationbyomission

（h）translationbyillustration

ChapterThree

Equivalenceabovewordlevel

3.1collocation

*Sementicallyarbitraryrestrictionswhichdonotfollowlogicallyfromthepropositionalmeaningofaword

*thetendencyofcertainwordstoco-occurregularyinagivenlanguage

3.1.1Collocationalrangeandcollocationalmarkedness

3.1.2Collocationandregister

3.1.3Collocationalmeaning

3.1.4Somecollocationrelatedpitfallsandproblemsintranslation

*Theengrossingeffectofsoursetextpatterning.

*Misinterpretingthemeaningofasource-languagecollocation.

*Thetensionbetweenaccuracyandnaturalness.

*Culture-specificcollocations

*Markedcollocationsinthesourcetext

3.2IdiomsAndFixedExpressions

3.2.1Idioms,fixedexpressions,andthedirectionoftranslation

3.2.2Theinterpretationofidioms

3.2.3Thetraslationofidioms:

difficulties

3.2.4Thetraslationofidioms:

strategies

*usinganidiomofsimilarmeaningandform

aboltfromtheblue

astoneheart

atone’sfinger’stip

atone’swit’send

castlesintheair

toaddfueltotheflame

togothroughfireandwater

toturngoodforevil

toshutone’seyesagainst

totalkblackintowhite

toturnadeafearto

towashone’shandsoff

tokilltwobirdswithonestone

tobreaktherecord

bearmedtotheteeth

*usinganidiomofsimilarmeaning

butdissimilarform

coarseclothesandsimplefare

walkrightintothetrap

throwoneselfintothetrap

Amissisasgoodasamile

plainsailing

tobedeaddrunk

tofishforcompliment

tofishintroubledwater

toflyintoarage

tokillthegoosethatlaygoldeneggs

tolookforneedleinahaystack

tomaskone’sbatteries

toshowone’scolour

Birdofafeatherflocktogether

neitherfishnorflesh

tobeattheendofone’srope

tocarrycoaltonewcastle

toflogadeadhorse

toletthecatoutofthebag

toomanyeggsinonebasket

toshedcrocodiletears

toteachfishtoswim

lokemaster,likeman

*translationbyparaphrase

Inelectivemonarchiesthevacancyofthethroneisamomentbigwithdangerandmischief.

threegenerationsinbredarrogance

tomakestarsoutofnobodies

Ithadbeentragicallyslow-wittedofme.

Shehasagreatfigure.

*translationbyomission

Whenwineisin,witisout.

Betteraslipofthefootthanthetongue.

Thosewhosleepwithdogswillwakeupwithfleas.

Aguescomeonhorseback,butgoawayonfoot.