护航班春季讲义写作任务型+书面表达223.docx
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护航班春季讲义写作任务型+书面表达223.docx
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护航班春季讲义写作任务型+书面表达223
高考英语护航班讲义
写作部分
●任务型阅读P2-P15
●书面表达P16-P45
高考英语任务型阅读“高频词用法”
第一组“观点类”
(opinion/view/attitude/idea/thought/mind)
Opinion
意见、想法(feelingsorthoughts)(about/of/on)
View
1.(apersonal)看法、意见、见解、态度(about/on)
2.(理解或思维的)方式/方法(away)(of)
Attitude
态度、看法(to/towards)
Idea
想法、构思、主意(aplan,thoughtorsuggestion)
(for/of)
意见、看法、信念(anopinionorabelief)(about)
3.目标、意图(of)
Thought
1.想法、看法、记忆(of)
2.关心、关怀、顾虑、忧虑(afeelingofcareorworry)(for)
3.意图、打算;希望、念头(anintentionorhope)
(of)
Mind
心思(thoughts,interest)
第二组“原因类”
(reason/cause/explanation)
Reason
原因、理由、解释(for)
正当理由、道理、情理(todo/for)
Cause
理由、动机(areason)(for)
原因
Explanation
解释、说明、阐述(for)
解释性文字、说明性文字
第三组“对比因果类”
(advantage/function/quality/significance/disadvantage/
problem/consequence/result/outcome/effect/response)
Advantage
优点
优势、有利条件(over)
Function
功能、机能(aspecialactivityorpurposeofapersonorthing)
Quality
质量、品质
Significance
(尤指对未来有影响的)重要性、意义
Disadvantage
不利因素、障碍(of/to)
Consequence
后果、结果(for)
Result
后果、结果(of)
Outcome
结果、效果(theresultoreffect)
Effect
效应、影响、效果(theeffectofheatonmetal)
(艺术家或作家所要创造的)外观声响效果
Rsponse
反应、响应(areaction)(to)
回复、答复(spokenorwritten)(to)
第四组“方法类”
(way/solution/method)
Way
方法、手段、途径、方式(todosth./ofdoingsth.)
Solution
解决方法、处理手段(to)
答案、谜底(tosth.)
Method
方法、办法、措施(aparticularway)(of/for)
第五组“目标类”
(prediction/expectation/hope/aim/purpose/dream)
Prediction
预言、预测
Expectation
预期、期待(of)
希望、盼望
期望、指望
Hope
希望(abeliefthatsth.youwantwillhappen)(of/for)
希望期望的事情(东西)
Dream
梦想、理想
Aim
目的、目标
Purpose
(theintention)意图、(aim)目的、(function)用途/目标
第六组“意见类”
(suggestion/advice)
Suggestion
建议、提议(for/about/on)
Advice
劝告、忠告、建议、意见(on)
第七组“信息类”
(news/information/content/period)
News
消息、音信
媒体对重要事情的新闻报道
Information
信息、情报(about/on)
Content
主题、主要内容
Period
人生或国家历史的阶段时期(时代)
1
(11江苏)
WhenShouldaLeaderApologizeandWhenNot?
WhyDifficult?
Whenwewrongsomeoneweknow,evennotintentionally,wearegenerallyexpectedtoapologizesoastoimprovethesituation.Butwhenwe’reactingasleaders,thecircumstancesaredifferent.Theactofapologyiscarriedoutnotmerelyattheleveloftheindividualbutalsoattheleveloftheinstitution.Itisaperformanceinwhicheveryexpressionmattersandeverywordbecomespartofthepublicrecord.Refusingtoapologizecanbesmart,oritcanbestupid.So,readinesstoapologizecanbeseenasasignofstrongcharacterorasasignofweakness.Asuccessfulapologycanturnhateintopersonalandorganizationalharmony—whileanapologythatistoolittle,toolate,ortooobviouslystrategiccanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.What,then,istobedone?
Howcanleadersdecideifandwhentoapologizepublicly?
WhyNow?
Thequestionofwhetherleadersshouldapologizepubliclyhasneverbeenmoreurgent.Duringthelastdecadeorso,theUnitedStatesinparticularhasdevelopedanapologyculture—apologiesofallkindsandforallsortsofwrongdoingsaremadefarmorefrequentlythanbefore.Morenewspaperwritershavewrittenaboutthegrowingimportanceofpublicapologies.Morearticles,cartoons,advicecolumns,andradioandtelevisionprogramshavesimilarlydealtwiththesubjectofprivateapologies.
WhyBother?
Whydoweapologize?
Whydoweeverputourselvesinsituationslikelytobedifficult,embarrassing,andevenrisky?
Leaderswhoapologizepubliclycouldbeaneasytarget.Theyareexpectedtoappearstrongandcapable.Andwhenevertheymakepublicstatementsofanykind,theirindividualandinstitutionalreputationsareindanger.Clearly,then,leadersshouldnotapologizeoftenorlightly.Foraleadertoexpressapology,thereneedstobeagood,strongreason.Leaderswillpubliclyapologizeifandwhentheythinkthecostsofdoingsoarelowerthanthecostsofnotdoingso.
WhyRefuse?
Whyisitthatleaderssooftenrefusetoapologize,evenwhenapublicapologyseemstobeinorder?
Theirreasonscanbeindividualorinstitutional.Becauseleadersarepublicfigures,theirapologiesarelikelytobepersonallyuncomfortableandevenprofessionallyrisky.Leadersmayalsobeafraidthatadmissionofamistakewilldamageordestroytheorganizationforwhichtheyareresponsible.Therecanbegoodreasonsforhangingtoughintoughsituations,asweshallsee,butitisahigh-riskstrategy.
WhenShouldaLeaderApologizeandWhenNot?
Whyisitsodifficulttoapologizepublicly?
Publicapologyismuchmorethanapersonal(71)__________.
It'sno(72)________jobtostrikeabalancebetweenapologizingornot.
Apologiesnot(73)_________offeredcanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.
Whyhastheissueofpublicapologybeenso(74)______nowintheUSA?
Inanapology(75)________,admissionofallsortsofwrongdoingsismorerequiredthanbefore.
The(76)_________importanceofpublicapologieshasbeenwidelyreportedinthemassmedia.
Whydoleadersbothersomuchaboutpublicapologies?
Beingpublicfigures,leadersare(77)__________toappearstrongandcapable.
Thereneedstobeasufficientreasonforaleadertoapologizein(78)_______.
Whydoleadersoftenrefusetoapologizepublicly?
Makingapologiesis(79)_________tobepersonallyuncomfortableandevenprofessionallyrisky.
Admissionofamistakeorwrongdoingwillprobablydo(80)_________totheirorganization.
2
(10江苏)
Formorethantwentyyearsscientistshavebeenseekingtounderstandthemysteryofthe‘‘sixthsense"ofdirection.Bytryingoutideasandsolvingproblemsonebyone,theyarenowgettingclosertooneanswer.
Onefunnyideaisthatanimalsmighthaveabuilt-incompass(指南针).
Ourearthitselfisabigmagnet(磁体).Soalittlemagneticneedlethatswingsfreelylinesitselfwiththebigearthmagnettopointnorthandsouth.Whenpeoplediscoveredthatideaaboutathousandyearsagoandinventedthecompass,itallowedsailorstonavigate(航海)onoceanvoyages,evenundercloudyskies.
Actualllytheideaofthelivingcompasscamejustfromobservinganimalsinnature.
Manybirdsmigratetwiceayearbetweentheirsummerhomesandwinterhomes.Someofthemflyforthousandsofkilometersandmostlyatnight.Experimentshaveshownthatsomebirdscanrecognizestarpatterns.Buttheycankeeponcourseevenundercloudyskies.Howcantheydothat?
Acommonbirdthatdoesnotmigratebutisgreatatfindingitswayhomeisthehomingpigeon.Notallpigeonscanfindtheirwayhome.Thosethatcanareverygoodatit,andtheyhavebeenwidelystudied.
Oneinterestingexperimentwastoattachlittlemagnetstothebirds’headstoblocktheirmagneticsense—justasaloudradiocankeepyoufromhearingacalltodinner.Onsunnydays,thatdidnotfoolthepigeons.Evidentlytheycanusethesuntotellwhichwaytheyaregoing.Butoncloudydays,thepigeonswithmagnetscouldnotfindtheirway.Itwasasifthemagnetshadblockedtheirmagneticsense.
Similarexperimentswiththesamekindofresultsweredonewithhoneybees.Theseinsectsalsoseemtohaveaspecialsenseotdirection.
Inspiteoftheexperiments,theideaofananimalcompassseemedprettyextraordinary.Howwouldananimalgetthemagneticstuffforacompass?
Ananswercamefromanunexpectedsource.Ascientistwasstudyingbacteriathatliveinthemudofpondsandmarshes.Hefoundaccidentallylittlerod-likebacteriathatallswamtogetherinonedirection—north.
Furtherstudyshowedthateachlittlebacteriumhadachainofdenseparticlesinside,whichprovedmagnetic.Thebacteriahadmadethemselvesintolittlemagnetsthatcouldlineupwiththeearth’smagnet.
Thebignewswasthatalivingthing,evenasimplebacterium,canmakemagnetite.Thatledtoasearchtoseewhetheranimalsmighthaveit..Byusingaspecialinstrumentcalledmagnetometer,scientistswereabletofindmagnetiteinbeesandbirds,andeveninfish.Ineachanimal,exceptforthebee.themagneticstuffwasalwaysinorclosertothebrain.
Thus.theideaofabuilt—inanimalcompassbegantoseemreasonable.
TheMagneticSense—TheLivingCompass
Passageoutline
Supportingdetails
Theexistenceoftheearthmagnetandtheinventionofthenavigatingcompass
◇Ourearthisabigmagnetandalittlefreely(71)▲magneticneedlelinesitselfwiththeearthmagnettopointnorthandsouth.
◇(72)▲ontheideaabove,thenavigatingcompasswasinvented.
Thepossibilityofbirds’built-incompasses
◇Onepieceofevidenceisthe(73)▲ofmanybirdsbetweentheirsummerhomesandwinterhomes.
◇Birdscanrecognizestarpatternsonclearnightsandkeeponcourse(74)▲undercloudyskies
The(75)▲onpigeons’andbees’built-incompasses
◇Littlemagnetsweretiedtothepigeons’headsto(76)▲theirmagneticsense.
◇Thepigeons’magneticsenseseemedtobeaffectedon(77)▲days.
◇Similarthingswiththesameresultsweredonewithbees.
The(78)▲ofthemagneticstufffortheanimalcompass
◇Littlerod-likebacteriawerefoundbychancetoswimtogetherinthedirectionof(79)▲.
◇Someanimalshadachainofdensemagneticparticlesinorclosetothe(80)▲insidetheirbodies.
3
(09江苏)
CommunicationPrinciples
Howyouseeyourselfcanmakeagreatdifferenceinhowyoucommunicate.“Everyindividualexistsinacontinuallychangingworldofexperienceofwhichhe(orshe)isthecenter”.Manycommunicationscholarsandsocialscientistsbelievethatpeopleareproductsofhowotherstreatthemandofthemessagesotherssendthem.Buteverydayweexperiencethecentralityofourselvesincommunication.Astudent.forinstance,maydescribeaconflictwithateacherasunfairtreatment:
“Iknowmyteacherdoesn’tlikethefactthatIdon’tagreewithhisopinions.andthat’swhyhegavemesuchapoorgrade
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