GlossaryofTerms英语文学术语解释.docx
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GlossaryofTerms英语文学术语解释.docx
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GlossaryofTerms英语文学术语解释
GlossaryofTerms
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A
Abstract:
Usedasanoun,thetermreferstoashortsummaryoroutlineofalongerwork.Asanadjectiveappliedtowritingorliteraryworks,abstractreferstowordsorphrasesthatnamethingsnotknowablethroughthefivesenses.
ExamplesofabstractsincludetheCliffsNotessummariesofmajorliteraryworks.Examplesofabstracttermsorconceptsinclude"idea,""guilt""honesty,"and"loyalty."(ComparewithConcrete.)
Absurd,Theaterofthe:
SeeTheateroftheAbsurd
Absurdism:
SeeTheateroftheAbsurd
Accent:
Theemphasisorstressplacedonasyllableinpoetry.Traditionalpoetrycommonlyusespatternsofaccentedandunaccentedsyllables(knownasfeet)thatcreatedistinctrhythms.Muchmodernpoetryuseslessformalarrangementsthatcreateasenseoffreedomandspontaneity.
ThefollowinglinefromWilliamShakespeare'sHamlet:
"Tobeornottobe:
thatisthequestion"
hasfiveaccents,onthewords"be,""not,""be,"and"that,"andthefirstsyllableof"question."(SeealsoCadence,Foot,Measure,Meter,poem,Poetics,Poetry,Scansion,SprungRhythm,Verse,andVersification.)
Act:
Amajorsectionofaplay.Actsaredividedintovaryingnumbersofshorterscenes.Fromancienttimestothenineteenthcenturyplaysweregenerallyconstructedoffiveacts,butmodernworkstypicallyconsistofone,two,orthreeacts.
Examplesoffive-actplaysincludetheworksofSophoclesandShakespeare,whiletheplaysofArthurMillercommonlyhaveathree-actstructure.(ComparewithScene.)(Seealsodrama.)
Acto:
Aone-actChicanotheaterpiecedevelopedoutofcollectiveimprovisation.
ActoswereperformedbymembersofLuisValdez'sTeatroCampesinoinCaliforniaduringthemid-1960s.
Aestheticism:
Aliteraryandartisticmovementofthenineteenthcentury.Followersofthemovementbelievedthatartshouldnotbemixedwithsocial,political,ormoralteaching.Thestatement"artforart'ssake"isagoodsummaryofaestheticism.ThemovementhaditsrootsinFrance,butitgainedwidespreadimportanceinEnglandinthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury,whereithelpedchangetheVictorianpracticeofincludingmorallessonsinliterature.
OscarWildeisoneofthebest-known"aesthetes"ofthelatenineteenthcentury.
(SeealsoDecadents.)
AffectiveFallacy:
(AlsoknownasSympatheticFallacy.)Anerrorinjudgingthemeritsorfaultsofaworkofliterature.The"error"resultsfromstressingtheimportanceofthework'seffectuponthereader—thatis,howitmakesareader"feel"emotionally,whatitdoesasaliterarywork—insteadofstressingitsinnerqualitiesasacreatedobject,orwhatit"is."
TheaffectivefallacyisevidentinAristotle'spreceptfromhisPoeticsthatthepurposeoftragedyistoevoke"fearandpity"initsspectators.
AgeofJohnson:
(AlsoknownasAgeofSensibility).TheperiodinEnglishliteraturebetween1750and1798,namedafterthemostprominentliteraryfigureoftheage,SamuelJohnson.Workswrittenduringthistimearenotedfortheiremphasison"sensibility,"oremotionalquality.TheseworksformedatransitionbetweentherationalworksoftheAgeofReason,orNeoclassicalperiod,andtheemphasisonindividualfeelingsandresponsesoftheRomanticperiod.
SignificantwritersduringtheAgeofJohnsonincludedthenovelistsAnnRadcliffeandHenryMackenzie,dramatistsRichardSheridanandOliverGoldsmith,andpoetsWilliamCollinsandThomasGray.(ComparewithNeoclassicismandromanticism.)
AgeofReason:
SeeNeoclassicism
AgeofSensibility:
SeeAgeofJohnson
Agrarians:
AgroupofSouthernAmericanwritersofthe1930sand1940swhofosteredaneconomicandculturalprogramfortheSouthbasedonagriculture,inoppositiontotheindustrialsocietyoftheNorth.Thetermcanrefertoanygroupthatpromotesthevalueoffarmlifeandagriculturalsociety.
MembersoftheoriginalAgrariansincludedJohnCroweRansom,AllenTate,andRobertPennWarren.
AlexandrineMeter:
SeeMeter
Allegory:
Anarrativetechniqueinwhichcharactersrepresentingthingsorabstractideasareusedtoconveyamessageorteachalesson.Allegoryistypicallyusedtoteachmoral,ethical,orreligiouslessonsbutissometimesusedforsatiricorpoliticalpurposes.
ExamplesofallegoricalworksincludeEdmundSpenser'sTheFaerieQueeneandJohnBunyan'sThePilgrim'sProgress.
(SeealsoExemplumandFable.)
Alliteration:
Apoeticdevicewherethefirstconsonantsoundsoranyvowelsoundsinwordsorsyllablesarerepeated.
ThefollowingdescriptionoftheGreenKnightfromtheanonymousSirGawainandtheGreenKnightgivesanexampleofalliteration:
Andinguiseallofgreen,thegearandtheman:
Acoatcutclose,thatclungtohissides
Anamantletomatch,madewithalining
Offurscutandfitted—thefabricwasnoble....
(ComparewithAssonanceandrhyme.)(Seealsopoem,Poetics,Poetry,Verse,andVersification.)
Allusion:
Areferencetoafamiliarliteraryorhistoricalpersonorevent,usedtomakeanideamoreeasilyunderstood.
Forexample,describingsomeoneasa"Romeo"makesanallusiontoWilliamShakespeare'sfamousyoungloverinRomeoandJuliet.
AmerindLiterature:
ThewritingandoraltraditionsofNativeAmericans.NativeAmericanliteraturewasoriginallypassedonbywordofmouth,soitconsistedlargelyofstoriesandeventsthatwereeasilymemorized.AmerindproseisoftenrhythmiclikePoetrybecauseitwasrecitedtothebeatofaceremonialdrum.
ExamplesofAmerindliteratureincludetheautobiographicalBlackElkSpeaks,theworksofN.ScottMomaday,JamesWelch,andCraigLeeStrete,andthepoetryofLuciTapahonso.
Analogy:
Acomparisonoftwothingsmadetoexplainsomethingunfamiliarthroughitssimilaritiestosomethingfamiliar,ortoproveonepointbasedontheacceptednessofanother.Similesandmetaphorsaretypesofanalogies.
Analogiesoftentaketheformofanextendedsimile,asinWilliamBlake'saphorism:
"Asthecaterpillarchoosesthefairestleavestolayhereggson,sothepriestlayshiscurseonthefairestjoys."(ComparewithSimileandMetaphor.)
Anapest:
SeeFoot
AngryYoungMen:
AgroupofBritishwritersofthe1950swhoseworkexpressedbitternessanddisillusionmentwithsociety.Commontotheirworkisananti-herowhorebelsagainstacorruptsocialorderandstrivesforpersonalintegrity.
ThetermhasbeenusedtodescribeKingsleyAmis,JohnOsborne,ColinWilson,JohnWain,andothers.
Antagonist:
Themajorcharacterinanarrativeordramawhoworksagainsttheheroorprotagonist.
AnexampleofanevilantagonistisRichardLovelaceinSamuelRichardson'sClarissa,whileavirtuousantagonistisMacduffinWilliamShakespeare'sMacbeth.(Comparewithprotagonist.)(Seealsoanti-hero,conflict.)
Anthropomorphism:
Thepresentationofanimalsorobjectsinhumanshapeorwithhumancharacteristics.ThetermisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"humanform."
TheFablesofAesop,theanimatedfilmsofWaltDisney,andRichardAdams'sWatershipDownfeatureanthropomorphiccharacters.(ComparewithPersonification.)
Anti-hero:
Acentralcharacterinaworkofliteraturewholackstraditionalheroicqualitiessuchascourage,physicalprowess,andfortitude.Anti-herostypicallydistrustconventionalvaluesandareunabletocommitthemselvestoanyideals.Theygenerallyfeelhelplessinaworldoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.Anti-heroesusuallyaccept,andoftencelebrate,theirpositionsassocialoutcasts.
Awell-knownanti-heroisYossarianinJosephHeller'snovelCatch-22.(ComparewithAntagonist,Hero,andProtagonist.)
Antimasque:
SeeMasque
Anti-novel:
AtermcoinedbyFrenchcriticJean-PaulSartre.Itreferstoanyexperimentalworkoffictionthatavoidsthefamiliarconventionsofthenovel.Theanti-novelusuallyfragmentsanddistortstheexperienceofitscharacters,forcingthereadertoconstructtherealityofthestoryfromadisorderednarrative.
Thebest-knownanti-novelistisAlainRobbe-Grillet,authorofLevoyeur.
Antithesis:
Theantithesisofsomethingisitsdirectopposite.Inliterature,theuseofantithesisasafigureofspeechresultsintwostatementsthatshowacontrastthroughthebalancingoftwooppositeideas.Technically,itisthesecondportionofthestatementthatisdefinedasthe"antithesis";thefirstportionisthe"thesis."
AnexampleofantithesisisfoundinthefollowingportionofAbrahamLincoln's"GettysburgAddress";noticetheoppositionbetweentheverbs"remember"and"forget"andthephrases"whatwesay"and"whattheydid":
"Theworldwilllittlenotenorlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere."
Apocrypha:
Writingstentativelyattributedtoanauthorbutnotprovenoruniversallyacceptedtobetheirworks.ThetermwasoriginallyappliedtocertainbooksoftheBiblethatwerenotconsideredinspiredandsowerenotincludedinthe"sacredcanon."
GeoffreyChaucer,WilliamShakespeare,ThomasKyd,ThomasMiddleton,andJohnMarstonallhaveapocrypha.ApocryphalbooksoftheBibleincludetheOldTestament'sBookofEnochandNewTestament'sGospelofThomas.
ApollonianandDionysian:
Thetwoimpulsesbelievedtoguideauthorsofdramatictragedy.TheApollonianimpulseisnamedafterApollo,theGreekgodoflightandbeautyandthesymbolofintellectualorder.TheDionysianimpulseisnamedafterDionysus,theGreekgodofwineandthesymboloftheunrestrainedforcesofnature.TheApollonianimpulseistocreatearational,harmoniousworld,whiletheDionysianistoexpresstheirrationalforcesofpersonality.
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