References.docx
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References.docx
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References
摘要
委婉语是人类语言中的一种普遍现象,它在人们的日常社交活动中使用得十分广泛,是语言使用中人们协调人际关系的重要手段。
使用委婉语有利于提高交际效果和保持和谐的人际关系。
在人类文明日益发展和人际交往不断扩大的今天,委婉语更是发挥着其不可或缺的作用。
HughRawson(1981)也曾断言“委婉如此深植于我们的语言中,以至于很少有人能一天离得开它,就连那些以说话平铺直叙而自居的人也不例外。
”同样,委婉语也引起了语言学界的极大兴趣。
多年来,语言学者们分别从不同角度对这一语言现象进行分析研究。
同时,它独特的语用功能也成为当前社会语用学研究的重要课题。
本文通过借鉴前人的研究成果,从语言学的角度来分析,探讨委婉语的产生,分类,构成,委婉语的使用对语言系统与交际的影响,委婉语在人际会话中的功能和应用。
本文旨在通过对委婉语产生动因和社会功能意义的分析,为言语交际和社会交流服务,从而认清在人际交往中委婉语使用的重要意义,以减少交际失误,避免人际冲突,改善人际关系。
[关键词]委婉语;人际会话;功能;应用
Abstract
Euphemismisacommonphenomenoninlanguages.Ithasagreateffectondailycommunication.Peopleuseeuphemismbecausetheyfearsomething,becausetheywanttosavefaceorbecausetheystronglyinclinetoavoidtalkingaboutsomething.Withthedevelopmentofmodernsociety,ithasbecomeanimportantelementinpeople’sinteractions.HughRawson(1981)hasalsoaffirmed“Euphemismsareembeddedsodeeplyinourlanguagethatfewofus,eventhosewhopridethemselvesonbeingplain-spoken,evengetthroughadaywithoutusingthem”.Soitisnotsurprisingthateuphemismhaslongbeenafocusofinterestinlinguisticcircle,andaconsiderableamountofliteratureoneuphemismshasbeenaccumulating.
Withtheprogressofsocietyanddevelopmentofhumancivilization,euphemismaccompaniestheprocessoflanguagecommunicationofthewholesociety.Manylinguistsandscholarshavestudiedthelinguisticphenomenonfromdifferentangles.Basedontheirachievements,thepaperwillhaveanexplorationtheprinciplesandwaysofusingEnglisheuphemism,makeabriefintroductionandclassificationofeuphemism,introducesocialfunctionandapplicationofeuphemism.Euphemismsarealinguistictechniqueforpeopletoachievevariousgoalsincommunication.Therefore,encodingeuphemismscorrectlyandusingthemproperlyarecloselyrelatedtowhetheranindividualcanconductsuccessfulcommunication.
[KeyWords]euphemism;communication;function;application
OnFunctionandApplicationofEnglishEuphemisminCommunication
Introduction
Peopleallovertheworldtrytousemildandagreeablelanguagewhilespeakingofunpleasantorembarrassingfacts.Almostallpeople,allthetime,seemtohavecertainthingsornotionsthattheyavoidmentioningdirectly.Sometimespeoplewouldliketousepleasant,politeoratleastharmless-soundingevenflatterytermsinsteadofthoseconsideredunpleasantoroffensiveeventrouble-making.
Howtouselanguagetermsandsentencestoavoidmentioningsomethingunpleasantorunlucky;howtoavoidusing“directorvulgarwords”whichusuallyrefertotaboosubjects?
Sincewearelivinginthemodernworldandinapolite,civilizedsociety,weneedacertainwaytoexpressourselvesinsomeawkwardsituationsinwhicheuphemism,asanindirectspeech,willsurelyhelpus.
Asaverypartoflanguageandacommonlinguisticphenomenon,euphemismissowidelyusedinourdailylife.Everysociety,everyspeechcommunity,everysocialclasshasitseuphemism.Tospeakeuphemisticallyisauniversaltrait.Whatiseuphemism?
Whypeopleuseeuphemism?
Whyshouldwespeakeuphemistically?
Wheniseuphemismused?
Howcanwereadintothem?
Suchkindsofproblemsarerathercomplex.Forthecircumstancesandconditionsunderthemdifferfrompersontoperson,fromprofessiontoprofessionevenfromclasstoclass,whichmeansthateuphemismisnotonlyalinguisticphenomenonbutalsoaculturalandsocialphenomenon.Therefore,Peopleoftenuseeuphemismtomaketheatmosphereofcommunicationmoreactive,andmakethepeople’srelationshipmoreharmonious.ThisthesistriestoexplorethefunctionandapplicationofEnglisheuphemismfrompragmaticsangle,toshowtheuseofeuphemismisveryimportantindailylifetoachievesuccessfulsocialcommunication.
1.ABriefIntroductionofEuphemism
1.1TheDefinitionofEuphemism
AccordingtotheexplanationintheConciseOxfordEnglishDictionary,theword“euphemism”originatedfromGreekeuphemismosandfromeuphemizeinwhichmeans“useauspiciouswords”.Analyzingfromtheformationofthisword,itiscomprisedoftheprefix“eu”whichmeans“good”andafoot“pheme”whichmeans“speaking”.Thusthewordliterallymeans“tospeakwithgoodwordsorinapleasantmanner”.(NeamanandSilver,1983:
60)Thatistosay,“euphemismisusedasanalternativetounpleasantexpression,inordertoavoidpossibleloseofface,eitherone’sownfaceorthroughgoingoffense,thatoftheaudience,orsomeofthirdofparty”.(AllanandBurridge,1991:
18)
Differentscholarshavedifferentexplanationsofeuphemismfromvariousperspectives,butallthedefinitionssharethebasicidea:
Euphemismisanindirect,roundaboutandpolitemodeofexpressionusedtomeansomethingunpleasant.Incommunication,itcanmaketheunpleasantthingssoundbetter,andmakepeoplefeelgood;itcanalsoensureboththespeakerandthehearersafew
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