金融英语综合辅导.docx
- 文档编号:28360225
- 上传时间:2023-07-10
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:40
- 大小:43.28KB
金融英语综合辅导.docx
《金融英语综合辅导.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《金融英语综合辅导.docx(40页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
金融英语综合辅导
资产负债表相关介绍(英)
什么是资产负债表?
ThepurposeofaBalanceSheetistoreportthefinancialpositionofacompanyatacertainpointintime.Itisdividedintotwocolumns.Thefirstlistswhatthecompanyowns(assets)ontheleft.Thesecondshowswhatthecompanyowes(liabilitiesandnetworth)ontheright.Atthebottomofeachlististhetotalofthatcolumn.Asthenameimplies,thebottomlineofthebalancesheetmustalways"balance."Inotherwords,thetotalassetsareequaltothetotalliabilitiesplusthenetworth.
Theparticularelementsofabalancesheetmayvarysignificantlyfromdaytoday.Overtime,these"snapshots"ofacompany,takenonayear-endormonthlybasis,canrevealimportantinformationabouttheabilityofthecompanytosatisfyitscreditors,manageinventory,andcollectitsreceivables.
Anotherwaytolookatthebalancesheetisintermsofthe"sources"and"uses"ofcash.Liabilitiesandnetwortharesourcesofcash.Theyrepresentdebtowedtocreditorswhohavesuppliedcashoritsequivalent.Assetsareauseofcash.Thecompanyusescashtopurchaseassetsinordertomakeaprofit.
BalanceSheet
Owns
Owes
UseofCash
SourceofCash
Assetswhicharethemostlikecash
Obligationswhichmustbepaidtokeepcreditorshappy
Assetswhichwillturnintocashwithinoneyear
Obligationswhichwillbedueandpayablewithinoneyear
Assetswhichmaynevermatureintocash
Obligationswhicharetheleastnervousandneverdue
TotalAssets
Liabilities&NetWorth
Understandingthesourcesandusesofcashiscriticaltothesurvivalandgrowthofasmallbusiness.Creditors(sourcesofcash)mustbekepthappybecausetheysupplytheinventory(useofcash)whichissoldbythecompanytomakeaprofit.
Currentassetsarethoseassetswhichwillmatureintocashduringthenexttwelvemonths.Theyareameasureoftheliquidityofacompany,whichistheamountoftimeittakesforanassettobeconvertedintocash.
ThistimeperiodisreferredtoastheOperatingCycle.Inotherwords,acompanybeginswithcash,purchasesinventorywiththecash,sellstheinventorywhichcreatesareceivable,andthencollectsthereceivablewhichgeneratesthecash.Thecashisthenusedtopurchaseadditionalinventoryandthecyclebeginsagain.Intermsofliquidity,cashisthehighestqualitycurrentassetandinventoryisthelowestquality.Whereascashisimmediatelyavailabletopayobligations,inventorymustbeconvertedintocash(throughtheoperatingcycle),beforeitisavailabletopaybills.
建立资产负债表
Whenconstructingabalancesheet,assetsandliabilitiesarelistedinaspecificorder.Assetsarelistedindescendingorderwithcashandassetsmostlikecashfirst.
Liabilitiesarealsolistedindescendingorderwiththoseobligationswhichareduesoonestlistedfirst.Currentliabilitiesarethoseliabilitieswhichmustbepaidwithinthenexttwelvemonths.Thoseliabilitieswhichmaynevercomedueandpayable(i.e.,subordinatedofficerdebt)arelistedlast.Liabilitiesarecreditorswhohaveprovidedcashtothecompany.Theymustbepaidinatimelymannerinordertokeepthemassourcesofcash.Forexample,thecompanypurchasesinventory(useofcash)andanaccountpayable(sourceofcash)iscreatedwiththesupplier.Thepayableshouldbekeptcurrentsothatthesupplierwillprovideadditionalinventoryinthefuture.
资本净值
Networthsimplyrepresentstheowner'sinvestmentinthecompany.Itistreatedthesameasaliabilityinthatbothcreditorsandownersareasourceofcashforthecompany.Theowner'sinvestment,however,isanobligationwhichmayneverhavetoberepaid.Apositivenetworthdemonstratesthattheownershaveafinancialcommitmenttothecompanythatissubordinatetoallothercreditors
重要概念
CurrentAssets:
thoseassetswhichmatureintocashinoneyearorless(CA).
AccountsReceivable:
dollarsduefromcustomersasaresultofsellinginventoryorservicesontermswhichallowfordeliverypriortothepaymentofcash.Thetransactionexistsasareceivableonthebalancesheetuntilcashiscollectedfromthecustomer(A/R).
Inventory:
thegoodsandmaterialsacompanysellstomakeaprofit.Inventoryexistsinthreeforms:
rawmaterials,workinprogress,andfinishedgoods.Intheprocessofsellinginventory,eithercashisreceivedoranaccountreceivableiscreated(INV).
PrepaidExpenses:
whencashisusedtopurchaseagoodorservice,thebenefitsofwhichwillberealizedorreceivedwithinthecurrentyear(12months).
FixedAssets:
physicalassetswhichhavelifeinexcessofoneyear.Thisincludesland,buildings,machinery,equipment,furniture/fixtures,andleaseholdimprovements(FA).
NetFixedAssets:
Alsoknownasthebookvalue,thenetfixedassetiscalculatedasthepurchasepriceoftheasset(grossfixedasset)lesstheaccumulateddepreciation(thesumoftheannualamountschargedforthe"wearingout"oftheasset)(NFA).
NotesReceivable:
aloanmadebythecompanywhichisevidencedbyapromissorynote(N/R).
Intangibles:
assetswhichhavenophysicalpropertiesor"set"values.Examplesofintangiblesincludepatents,researchanddevelopment,andgoodwill(INT).
CurrentLiabilities:
whatthecompany"owes"whichmustbepaidwithinoneyear(CL).
NotePayableBank:
obligationsevidencedbyapromissorynotefromthebankwhichhavematuritydatesoflessthanoneyear(N/P).
AccountsPayable:
amountsduetosupplierswhohaveprovidedinventorytothecompany(A/P).
Accruals:
obligationsowedbutnotyetbilled(ACCR).
CurrentPortionofLong-TermDebt:
theportionofalong-termloan(principalonly)whichisduewithinthenext12months(CDTD).
LongTermDebt:
theportionofatermloanwhichdoesnothavetobepaidwithinthenextyear.
SubordinatedOfficerDebt:
Cashtheofficershaveinvestedinthecompanywhichissubordinatedtoanybankfinancingthecompanyhasreceived.
NetWorth:
Theowner'sinvestmentor"equity"inthecompanywhichmaybeeither"purchased"or"earned."Purchasedequityconsistsofpreferredstock,commonstock,andcapitalsurplus.Simplyput,thenetworthisthedifferencebetweentheassetsandliabilitiesofacompany(NW).
RetainedEarnings:
anothertermforearnedequity;representstheprofitsofacompanywhichhavebeenreinvestedwithinthebusiness.
TreasuryStock:
Thisiscreatedwhenthecompanypurchasesitsownstockfromastockholder.
专业术语:
什么是“成本会计”?
Costaccountingsystemsprovidetimelyunitproductcoststhroughtheuseofperpetualinventoryproceduresandpredeterminedfactoryoverheadrates.Tointroducethebasicideasofcostaccountingsystem,wepresentasimplifiedillustrationtoshowtheflowofproductcostsasfollows:
成本会计系统通过使用永续盘存制和预定的制造费用分配率定期提供产品的单位成本。
为了介绍成本会计系统的基本概念,现举一个简例来表述产品成本流程如下:
AcquisitionofMaterials:
Materialsinventoryaccountratherthanpurchasesaccountwillbedebitedunderaperpetualinventorysystem.Bothrawmaterialsandfactorysuppliesareincludedintheinventoryaccount.Materialsledgercardsforeachtypeofmaterialorfactorysupplyusedmakeupthesubsidiaryrecord.(Allfiguresareassumed)
材料的取得:
在永续盘存制下,将借记材料盘存账户而非购料账户。
原料和工厂用物料都包括在盘存账户中。
为每一类原料设置的材料分类卡构成了辅助记录。
(数字都是假设的)
(1)MaterialsInventory1,000
AccountsPayable1,000
(1)材料盘存 1,000
应付账款 1,000
RecordingFactoryPayroll:
Thetotalfactorypayrollincludesbothdirectandindirectlabor. 工厂工薪的记录:
工厂工薪总额中包括直接人工和间接人工。
(2)FactoryPayroll6,000
FactoryPayrollPayable6,000(2)工厂工薪 6,000
应付工厂工薪 6,000
RecordingOtherFactoryCostsasOverhead:
VariousitemsotherthanmaterialsandlaborcostsarechargedtoFactoryOverheadaccount. 其他工厂成本记录为制造费用:
除材料和人工成本以外的各个项目记入制造费用账户。
(3)FactoryOverhead800
AccumulatedDepreciation200
PrepaidInsurance150
AccruedUtilitiesPayable100
VariousAccounts350(3)制造费用800
累计折旧 200
预付保险费 150
应计未付公用事业费100
其他各账户 350
Atthispoint,allproductcostshavebeenaccumulatedintodebitbalancesintheMaterialsInventory,FactoryPayroll,andFactoryOverheadaccount.WearenowreadytotracethesecoststhroughWorkinProcessandFinishedGoodstotheCostofGoodsSoldaccount. 这时,产品的全部成本已累积为材料盘存,工厂工薪和制造费用等账户的借方余额。
现在就可以跟踪这些成本,通过在制品和制成品账户转至销货成本账户。
RecordingRequisitionsofRawMaterialsandFactorySupplies:
Thisentryreflectstherequisition(evidencedbythematerialrequisitions)ofallmaterialstobeusedinproduction.Rawmaterials(ordirectmaterials)arechargeddirectlytotheWorkinProcessaccount.Costsoffactorysupplies(orindirectmaterials)becomepartoffactoryoverhead. 原料和工厂用物料领用的记录:
这笔记录反映将在生产中耗用的全部材料的领用(由领料单证明)。
原料(即直接材料)应直接借记在制品账户,工厂用物料(即间接材料)的成本则成为制造费用的一部分。
(4)WorkinProcess600
FactoryOverhead200
MaterialsInventory800(4)在制品 600
制造费用 200
材料盘存 800
RecordingDistributionofFactoryPayroll:
WorkinProcessisdebitedforthedirectlaborandFactoryOverheadisdebitedfortheindirectlabor.Thetotalfactorypayrollisdistributed,leavingazerobalanceintheFactoryPayrollaccount.Thedivisionoftotalfactorypayrollintodirectandindirectlaborisbasedonadetailedanalysisofthejobdescription,wageratesandhoursworkedofeachemployee(evidencedbysuchdocumentsasthetimetickets). 工厂工薪分配的记录:
直接人工应借记在制品账户,间接人工则借记制造费用账户。
工厂工薪的总额既已分配,工厂工薪账户留下的余额就等于零,把工厂工薪总额区分为直接人工和间接人工,要根据对工作说明,工资率以及每一雇员的工作时数的详细分析(由计时单这样一些凭证证明)。
(5)WorkinProcess500
Factoryoverhead100
Factorypayroll600 (5)在制品500
制造费用100
工厂工薪600
RecordingApplicationofFactoryOverhead:
Mostfirmsdonotapplytheactualamountofoverheadincurredeachperiodtothegoodsmanufacturedduringthatperiod.Instead,overheadisappliedataverageratesthatreflectestimatesoftotalannualproductionvolumeandtotaloverheadcostsfortheyea
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 金融 英语 综合 辅导