托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷三.docx
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托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷三.docx
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托福阅读模拟试题及答案卷三
2021年托福阅读模拟试题及答案(卷三)
托福阅读文本:
ThereareonlyafewcluesintherockrecordaboutclimateintheProterozoiceon.Muchof
ourinformationaboutclimateinthemorerecentperiodsofgeologichistorycomesfromthefossil
record,becausewehaveareasonablygoodunderstandingofthetypesofenvironmentinwhich
manyfossilorganismsflourished.ThescarcefossilsoftheProterozoic,mostlysingle-celled
bacteria,providelittleevidenceinthisregard.However,therocksthemselvesdoincludethe
earliestevidenceforglaciation,probablyaglobaliceage.
Theinferencethatsometypesofsedimentaryrocksaretheresultofglacialactivityisbasedon
theprincipleofuniformitarianism,whichpositsthatnaturalprocessesnowatworkonandwithin
theEarthoperatedinthesamemannerinthedistantpast.Thedepositsassociatedwithpresent-day
glaciershavebeenwellstudied,andsomeoftheircharacteristicsarequitedistinctive.In
2.3-billion-year-oldrocksinCanadanearLakeHuron(datingfromtheearlypartofthe
Proterozoicage),therearethinlaminaeoffine-grainedsedimentsthatresemblevarves,theannual
layersofsedimentdepositedinglaciallakes.Typically,present-dayvarvesshowtwo-layered
annualcycle,onelayercorrespondingtotherapidicemeltingandsedimenttransportofthe
summerseason,andtheother,finer-grained,layercorrespondingtoslowerwinterdeposition.
AlthoughitisnoteasytodiscernsuchdetailsintheProterozoicexamples,theyarealmost
certainlyglacialvarves.Thesefine-grained,layeredsedimentsevencontainoccasionallarge
pebblesor"dropstones,"acharacteristicfeatureofglacialenvironmentswherecoarsematerialis
sometimescarriedonfloatingiceanddroppedfarfromitssource,intootherwiseveryfinegrained
sediment.GlacialsedimentsofaboutthesameageasthoseinCanadahavebeenfoundinother
partsofNorthAmericaandinAfrica,India,andEurope.Thisindicatesthattheglaciationwas
global,andthatforaperiodoftimeintheearlyProterozoictheEarthwasgrippedinaniceage.
FollowingtheearlyProterozoicglaciation,however,theclimateappearstohavebeenfairly
benignforaverylongtime.Thereisnoevidenceforglaciationforthenext1.5billionyearsorso.
Then,suddenly,therockrecordindicatesaseriesofglacialepisodesbetweenabout850and600
millionyearago,neartheendoftheProterozoiceon.
托福阅读题目:
1.Whichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Howpatternsinrocklayershavebeenusedtoconstructtheoriesabouttheclimateofthe
Proterozoicage
(B)WhatsomerarefossilsindicateaboutglacialconditionsduringthelateProterozoicage
(C)ThevaryingcharacteristicsofProterozoicglacialvarvesindifferentpartsoftheworld
(D)ThenumberofglacialepisodesthattheEarthhasexperiencedsincetheProterozoicage
2.Accordingtothepassage,thefossilrecordoftheProterozoiceonis
(A)highlyregardedbecauseitpreservestheremainsofmanykindsoforganisms
(B)lessinformativethanthefossilrecordofmorerecentperiods
(C)verydifficulttointerpretduetodamagefrombacteria
(D)moreusefultoresearchersthanotheraspectsoftherockrecord
3.Theword"scarce"inline4isclosestinmeaningto
(A)ancient
(B)tiny
(C)available
(D)rare
4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprincipleofuniformitarianismindicatesthat
(A)similarconditionsproducesimilarrockformations
(B)rocklayersinagivenregionremainundisturbedovertime
(C)differentkindsofsedimentaryrocksmayhavesimilarorigins
(D)eachcontinenthasitsowndistinctivepatternofsedimentlayers
5.Theword"resemble"inline14isclosestinmeaningto
(A)resultfrom
(B)penetrate
(C)looklike
(D)replacehavesimilarorigins
6.Accordingtothepassage,thelayersinvarvesareprimarilyformedby
(A)fossilizedbacteria
(B)piecesofancientdropstones
(C)acombinationofancientandrecentsediments
(D)annualcyclesofsedimenttransportanddeposition
7.Thephrase"theother"inline17referstoanother
(A)annualcycle
(B)glaciallake
(C)layerofsediment
(D)season
8.Accordingtothepassage,thepresenceofdropstonesindicatesthat
(A)theglacialenvironmenthasbeenunusuallyservere
(B)thefine-grainedsedimenthasbuiltupveryslowly
(C)therehasbeenaglobaliceage
(D)coarserockmaterialhasbeencarriedgreatdistances
9.WhydoestheauthormentionCanada,NorthAmerica,Africa,India,andEuropeinlines23-24?
(A)Todemonstratetheglobalspreadofdropstones
(B)Toexplaintheprinciplesofvarveformation
(C)ToprovideevidenceforthetheorythattherewasaglobaliceageintheearlyProterozoiceon
(D)ToillustratethevariedclimaticchangesoftheProterozoiceonindifferentpartsoftheglobe
10.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage?
(A)fossilrecord(line3)
(B)laminae(line13)
(C)varves(line14)
(D)glacialepisodes(line28)
托福阅读答案:
ABDACDCCCC
托福阅读文本:
IndustrializationcametotheUnitedStateafter1790asNorthAmericanentrepreneurs
increasedproductivitybyreorganizingworkandbuildingfactories.Theseinnovationsin
manufacturingboostedoutputandlivingstandardstoanunprecedentedextent;theaverageper
capitawealthincreasedbynearly1percentperyear—30percentoverthecourseofageneration.
Goodsthathadoncebeenluxuryitemsbecamepartofeverydaylife.
Theimpressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhichworkersmadegoods,
sincethe1790's,NorthAmericanentrepreneurs—evenwithouttechnologicalimprovements—
hadbroadenedthescopeoftheoutworksystemthatmademanufacturingmoreefficientby
distributingmaterialstoasuccessionofworkerswhoeachperformedasinglestepofthe
productionprocess.Forexample,duringthe1820'sand1830'stheshoeindustrygreatlyexpanded
thescaleandextendoftheoutworksystem.Tensofthousandsofruralwomen,paidaccordingto
theamounttheyproduced,fabricatedthe"uppers"ofshoes,whichwereboundtothesolesby
wage-earningjourneymenshoemakersindozensofMassachusettstowns,whereaspreviously
journeymenwouldhavemadetheentireshoe.Thissystemofproductionmadetheemployera
powerful"shoeboss"anderodedworkers'controloverthepaceandconditionsoflabor.However,
italsodramaticallyincreasedtheoutputofshoeswhilecuttingtheirprice.
Fortasksthatwerenotsuitedtotheoutworksystem,entrepreneurscreatedanevenmore
importantneworganization,themodemfactory,whichusedpower-drivenmachinesand
assembly-linetechniquestoturnoutlargequantitiesofwell-madegoods.Asearlyas1782the
prolificDelawareinventorOliverEvanshadbuiltahighlyautomated,laborsavingflourmill
drivenbywaterpower.Hismachineryliftedthegraintothetopofthemill,cleaneditasitfellinto
containersknownashoppers,groundthegrainintoflour,andthenconveyedtheflourbacktothe
topofthemilltoallowittocoolasitdescendedintobarrels.Subsequently,manufacturersmade
useofnewimprovedstationarysteamenginestopowertheirmills.Thisnewtechnologyenabled
themtobuildfactoriesinthenation'slargestcities,takingadvantageofurbanconcentrationsof
inexpensivelabor,goodtransportationnetworks,andeagercustomers.
托福阅读题目:
1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
(A)ThedifficultiesofindustrializationinNorthAmerica
(B)Theinfluenceofchangesinmanufacturingonthegrowthofurbancenters
(C)TherapidspeedofindustrializationinNorthAmerica
(D)Improvedwaysoforganizingthemanufacturingofgoods
2.Theword"boosted"inline3isclosestinmeaningto
(A)ensured
(B)raised
(C)arranged
(D)discouraged
3.Theword"scope"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(A)value
(B)popularity
(C)extent
(D)diversity
4.Theauthormentionstheshoeindustryinthesecondparagraphtoprovideanexampleofhow
(A)entrepreneursincreasedoutputbyusinganextendedoutworksystem
(B)entrepreneursusedtechnologicalimprovementstoincreaseoutput
(C)ruralworkersrespondedto"shoebosses"
(D)changesintheoutworksystemimprovedthequalityofshoes
5.Allofthefollowingarementionedaseffectsofchangesintheshoeindustryduringthe1820's
and1830'sEXCEPT
(A)anincreaseintheworker'sdependenceonentrepreneurs
(B)anincreaseinthewagespaidtojourneymenshoemakers
(C)adeclineintheworkersabilitytocontrolthespeedofproduction
(D)adecreaseinthepriceofshoes
6.AllofthefollowingaretrueoftheoutworksystemEXCEPT
(A)Itinvolvedstagesofproduction.
(B)Itwasmoreefficientthanthesystemsusedbefore1790.
(C)Itmademanyemployerslesspowerfulthantheyhadbeenbefore.
(D)Itdidnotnecessarilyinvolveanytechnologicalimprovements.
7.Theword"prolific"inline23isclosestinmeaningto
(A)efficient
(B)productive
(C)self-employed
(D)progressive
8.Accordingtothepassage,howdidlatermillsdifferfromthemillsdifferfromthemillbuiltby
OliverEvans?
(A)Theywerelocatedawayfromlargecities.
(B)Theyusednewtechnologytoproducepower.
(C)TheydidnotallowflourtocoolbeforeitwasplacedinBarrels.
(D)Theycombinedtechnologywiththeoutworksystem.
9.Theword"it"inline25refersto
(A)waterpower
(B)machinery
(C)grain
(D)mill
10.Thepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasaresultofim
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