5外文翻译中文.docx
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5外文翻译中文.docx
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5外文翻译中文
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文章名:
MacroEnvironment
书刊名:
《AnIntegrativeModelofITBusinessValue》
作者:
NIGELMELVILLE
出版社:
CenterforResearchonInformationTechnologyandOrganizations,2004
章节:
III.MacroEnvironment
页码:
P49~P60
文章译名:
宏观环境
姓名:
学号:
指导教师(职称):
专业:
班级:
所在学院:
III.MacroEnvironment
ResearchQuestion5:
WhatistheroleofcountrycharacteristicsinshapingITbusinessvalue?
Thestructureandinstitutionsofeconomiesandtheincreasinglyinterconnectedglobalbusinessenvironmentaffectfirm’sITchoicesandresultingorganizationalperformanceoutcomes(VanDenEndeetal.2001).Certainmacrofactorsmayconstrainfirms’choices,forexample,apoortelecommunicationsinfrastructureinhibitsweb-basedsupplychainintegration.Incontrast,tradeliberalization,financialsafeguardsforonlinetransactions,andtaxsubsidiesmaysupportandpromotetheapplicationofITforoperationalefficienciesandcompetitiveadvantage.However,beyondcasualobservationweknowverylittleabouttheassociationbetweenmacrocharacteristicsandITbusinessvalue.
TwofactorshaveinhibitedknowledgeaccumulationconcerningmacrocharacteristicsandITbusinessvalue:
(1)emphasisonU.S.firms;and
(2)lackofcross-countrystudies.ITbusinessvalueresearchershavefocusedonU.S.firms.Assuch,resultsareconditionalonthecharacteristicsoftheU.S.businessenvironment,includingrelativelyliberaltradepolicies,anadvancedinformationinfrastructure,arelativelywell-educatedworkforce,andrelativelycompetitivemarkets.ThesecondreasonforapaucityofknowledgerelatedtotheinternationalperspectiveofITbusinessvalueisthatveryfewstudieshaveexploredITbusinessvalueusingcross-countrysamples.Thus,althoughseveralstudieshaveexaminedfirmsoutsidetheU.S.,includingBrazil(TigreandBotelho2003),France(JelassiandFigon1994),Mexico(JarvenpaaandLeidner1998),andtheUnitedKingdom(StonemanandKwon1995),itisdifficulttodrawconclusionsregardingtheimpactofmacrofactorsasresearchdesignsdonotenableincorporationofappropriatecontrolvariables.Weuseresource-basedtheoryandresultsfromothermanagementliteraturestoinformthemacrocontext.
TheRBVinformsunderstandingofITbusinessvalueinthemacrocontextbyprovidingaframeworktoexamineperformanceimplicationsconcerningthevariationofhumanandtechnologicalcomponentsoftheITresourceacrossnations.Researchershaveappliedtheresource-basedviewtoassess“whysomefirmspossessuniqueresourcesandcompetencies–relativetotheircompetitorsofothernationalities.”(Dunning1995pp.466).IntheITcontext,theextenttowhichITskillsarewidelyavailableinagivencountryisadeterminantoftheirrarenessandheterogeneity,twoattributesrequiredforasustainedcompetitiveadvantage(Barney1991).ThispointisunderscoredinthestudybyJarvenpaaandLeidner(1998),whichemphasizesthesalienceofinvestingintechnologyskills,hiringtopITtalentofteneducatedabroad,andformingexclusivearrangementswithpartnerspossessingcomplementaryITskillsingainingacompetitiveadvantageviaITinadevelopingcountry.Moreover,ifcomplementaryorganizationalinnovationsaremorewidelyavailableinonenationrelativetoanother,theformereconomymaybenefitfromproductivitygains,whilethelattermaynot.
InadditiontovariationintheITresourceacrosscountries,exogenousfactorsmayalsoaffectthedegreetowhichITcanbeusedtoimproveorganizationalperformance.PathdependenciesmayplayaroleindeterminingthetypesofITthataredemanded,howtheyareused,andtheireconomicimpact(TigreandBotelho2003).Forexample,Brousseau(2003)findsthatthepre-existingorganizationofdistributionchannelsandinterfirmrelationshipsissalienttoadoptionandassimilationofecommerceinFrance.DifferencesintheextenttowhichtechnologicalimprovementsdiffuseintheU.S.versusotherdevelopednationsaresuggestedtoplayaroleinobserveddifferencesinproductivitygrowth(GustandMarquez2001).TheconfluenceofEDI,organizationaltransformation,andpublicpolicyareillustratedinastudyofSingapore’sTradeNet(Teoetal.1997).EDIatTradeNetresultedinsubstantialgainsinefficiencyandeffectiveness,illustratingthedegreetowhichpromotionofITcanprovidebenefitstoboththeprivateandpublicsector.
Insummary,theroleofthemacroenvironmentinaffectingthedegreetowhichfirmsapplyITfororganizationalimprovementiscomplexandnotsystematicallyunderstood.However,researchandtheorysuggestthatmacrocharacteristicsvarybycountry,createcountry-specificsetsofITattributes,andtherebyimpactfirm’sITchoicesandresultantorganizationalperformanceimpacts.Additionally,othermacrofactorssuchascultureandeducationalsoimpacttheabilityoforganizationstoapplyITsuccessfully.Wesummarizethisfindinginthefollowing:
Proposition5A:
ThemacroenvironmentmoderatesthedegreetowhichfirmscanapplyITfororganizationalimprovement.
Themacroenvironmentisdynamicandcomplex,andthereisapaucityofITbusinessvalueresearchinthisarea.However,examiningtherangeofmacrofactorsthatpotentiallyshapeITbusinessvaluegeneration,telecommunicationsinfrastructure,andinparticular,Internetdiffusion,wouldappeartobeanimportantfactorenablingfirmstoapplyITforimprovedperformance.
Telecommunicationsinfrastructurevarieswidelyacrosscountries(Pilat2003).Asanexample,accordingtotheInternetSoftwareConsortium(2003)Internethostdensity(numberofhostsper100inhabitants)inLatinAmericaasofJanuary2003variesfromalowof.002inHondurastoahighof2.3inUruguay–adifferenceofthreeordersofmagnitude.Givensuchvariation,researchershaveexploredhowheterogeneityintelecommunicationsinfrastructuremaybeassociatedwithmacroperformance.RollerandWaverman(2001)findempiricallythattheextentoftelecommunicationsinfrastructureisassociatedwitheconomicgrowth.OtherresearchershaveanalyzedthepotentialimpactofInternetdiffusionongrowthandproductivityacrosscountries(Varian2002).
AccordingtoStraubandWatson(2001,pp.338),“Thenet-enabledorganization(NEO)coordinatesitsactivitiesandinteractswithitsstakeholdersthroughtheexchangeofmessagesoverelectronicnetworks.”Havingsqueezedmostoftheefficienciesoutofinternalconnectivity,organizationsarelookingtotheirexternalenvironmenttocoordinatetheproductionanddeliveryofgoodsandservices,withthepotentialforordersofmagnitudeincreasesinefficiency(Hammer2001).However,withoutasufficienttelecommunicationsinfrastructure,i.e.,broaddiffusionofhigh-speedInternetconnectionsthroughouttheeconomy,theresultingnetworkexternalitiesandnetenabledefficienciesarelimited.EmergingempiricalevidenceofdifferencesinITbusinessvalueacrossdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesmaybeamanifestationofdifferencesinInternetdiffusion(DewanandKraemer2000;Tam1998).
Fromtheperspectiveofresource-basedtheory,telecommunicationsinfrastructureisnotaresourceintheconventionalsenseasitisnotownedandoperatedbythefocalfirm.Rather,itcanbeconceptualizedasacountry-specificassetavailabletoallfirms.Asfirmsandtheirtradingpartnersadoptandco-specializetheirownITtothetelecominfrastructure,theextentofgeneratedITbusinessvalueislikelytoincrease.However,thecircumstancesunderwhichthisoccursareunclearduetoalackofpriorresearch.Thus,althoughdifferencesintelecommunicationsinfrastructureacrosscountriesenablevaryingopportunitiesofco-specializationwithfocalfirmITresources,thenatureofresultingbenefitsinspecificcontextsisuncertain.Duetoalackofempiricalevidence,therefore,wecannotsaywhethertheroleoftelecommunicationsinfrastructureinshapingITbusinessvalueisofanefficiencyorcompetitivenature.Wethusproposethat:
Proposition5B:
Telecommunicationsinfrastructure–acomplementaryandpotentiallyco-specializedassetwiththeITresource–moderatestheeconomicvalueofaninterorganizationalinformationsystemtothefocalfirmanditstradingpartners;theextentofmoderationvariesdependingontheorganizationalandtechnologicalcontext.
DISCUSSION
Severalstreamsofresearchareconcernedwithassessingtheorganizationalperformanceimplicationsofinformationtechnology,eachbringingitsowntheoreticalandempiricaltoolkittobearuponsimilarresearchquestions.Unfortunately,theseapproachesaredivergentandtheresulthasbeenanalogoustomultiplebutseparatecommunicationchannelstraversingasinglepipeofinquiryintotheorganizationalperformanceimpactsofIT.Thelackofintegrationhasledtoambiguityanddebateoverbasicprinciples,extendingbeyondtheISresearchcommunity.Thetopicisvitaltopublicpolicymakers,theITindustry,andISpractitioners,asexemplifiedbytherecentdebateoverwhether“ITmatters”initiatedinHarvardBusinessReviewbyNicholasCarrarguingthatfirmshaveoverestimatedthestrategicvalueofITandoverspentonthecommoditythatisIT(Carr2003).Ouranalysishasilluminatedtheseissuesthroughthelensofarobusttheoreticalframework.
Thoughwecouldnothaveanticipatedtheemergenceofthisnewdebateattheoutsetofourresearcheffort,ouranalysisofaccumulatedITbusinessvalueknowledgespeaksdirectlytoit.Examiningpriorreviewsoftheliteratureconvincedusthattheintegrationofideasacrossthevariousstrandsofresearchviaacommontheoreticallenswasnotonlyauniqueapproach,butalsoonethatwouldlikelyyieldthegreatestcontributiontoknowledge.
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