考研英语阅读复习.docx
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考研英语阅读复习.docx
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考研英语阅读复习
考研英语阅读复习
PassageOne(TheDevelopmentofCities)
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantformcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550,000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears–lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.
Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:
urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.
1. Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?
[A]Typesofmasstransportation.
[B]Instabilityofurbanlife.
[C]Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.
[D]Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.
2. WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?
[A]Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.
[B]Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.
[C]Toshowmasstransportationchangedmanycities.
[D]Tocontrasttheirrateofgrowth.
3. Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?
[A]Itwasexpensive.
[B]Ithappenedtooslowly.
[C]Itwasunplanned.
[D]Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.
4. TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity,
[A]thatislarge.
[B]thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment.
[C]wherethedevelopmentoflandexceededpopulationgrowth.
[D]withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.
Vocabulary
1. revise 改动
2. fabric 构造
3. catalyze 催化,加速
4. sortout 把……分门别类,拣选
5. omnibus 公共汽车/马车
6. trolley (美)有轨电车,(英)无轨电车
7. periphery 周围,边缘
8. sprawl 修建物有方案延伸,蔓延,四面八方散开
9. lot 小片土地
10. underscore 强调,在上面划横线
11. transitlines 运输线路
12. subdivision (出售的)小块土地,再划分小区
写作办法与文章粗心
文章阐述了“公共交通从三方面改动了城市的社会和经济构造。
”采用分类写法。
文章一开端就提出三方面:
第一,促进城市本质性的扩展;第二,把人和土地分民别类加以应用;第三,加速了城市生活的不波动性。
然后就是三方面的详细内容。
答案详解
1. D公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。
文章开门见山提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改动了美国城市的社会和经济构造。
”后面文章内容就是三方面的详细化。
A.公共交通运输类型。
B.城市生活的不波动性。
C.供需如何决议土地利用。
这三项文中作为详细成绩提到,并不是文章触及的主要标题。
2. C阐明公共交通改动了许多城市。
答案箭第一段第四句“举例说,1850年,波士顿市界离老的商业地域几乎不到2英里,到了这世纪末,其半径扩至10英里。
如今供得起的人们可以住得很远,远离老的城市中心,依然来回去那里上班、购物和娱乐”。
第七句,“举例说,在1890至1920年时期,据记载,芝加哥市界内有约250,000个新的住宅楼区大多数设在郊区。
经过异样这段时期,郊区外,但仍在芝加哥大都市地域内,又方案建造了550,000个住宅楼区。
”
A.表示生长的正反两方面效果。
B.举有无公共交通运输的城市为例。
D.比照两者生长率;都不是本文中举两城市例子的目的。
3. C没有方案。
见第二段第三句起“城市扩展蔓延根本有方案,好几千个小的投资商中止扩展,毫不思索互相协分配合应用土地,也不思索将来土地利用。
”
A.太贵和B.太慢,两个选项,文内没有提。
D.它创造了对公共交通运输的需求。
这不是住宅扩展的一个缺陷,而是三个根本改动城市的一个方面。
见第一段第三句:
“经过大批开发未占土地扩建住宅,公共汽车、马车、铁路、来回火车,有轨电车把已有人定居的寓居区向外扩展了三四倍,比他们先古代时期的市中心更远。
”
4. C(第二段中以芝加哥城市例子阐明)土地开发逾越人口增长速度。
答案详见第二段“这些置办和置备土地建立住宅,特别是置办临近城市或就在市界外的土地,抢在交通线路和中产阶级的居民出来之前。
他们这样做的目的是创造一种需求,也是呼应这种需求。
芝加哥就是这种进程的典型例子。
那里的房地产小块土地比人口增长快得很多很多。
”
A.城市大。
B.用作土地开发的样板。
D.具有优越的公共的交通零碎。
PassageTwo(Holmes’Knowledge)
Hisignorancewasasremarkableashisknowledge.Ofcontemporaryliterature,philosophyandpoliticsheappearedtoknownexttonothing.UponmyquotingThomasCarlyle,heinquiredinthenaivestwaywhohemightbeandwhathehaddone.Mysurprisereachedaclimax,however,whenIfoundincidentallythathewasignorantoftheCopernicanTheoryandofthecompositionoftheSolarsystem.
“Youappeartobeastonished,”Holmessaid,smilingatmyexpression.“NowthatIdoknowitIshalldomybesttoforgetit.Yousee,Iconsiderthataman’sbrainoriginallyislikealittleemptyattic,andyouhavetostockitwithsuchfurnitureasyouchoose:
Afooltakesinallthelumberofeverysortthathecomesacross,sothattheknowledgewhichmightbeusefultohimgetscrowdedout,oratbestjumbledupwithalotofotherthings,sothathehasdifficultyinlayinghishanduponit.Itisamistaketothinkthatthelittleroomhaselasticwallsandcandistendtoanyextent.Dependuponit,therecomesatimewhenforeveryadditionofknowledgeyouforgetsomethingthatyouknowbefore.Itisofthehighestimportance,therefore,nottohaveuselessfactselbowingouttheusefulones.”
“ButtheSolarSystem!
”Iprotested.
“Whatthedeuceisittome?
”heinterruptedimpatiently.
Onemorning,Ipickedupamagazinefromthetableandattemptedtowhileawaythetimewithit,whilemycompanionmunchedsilentlyathistoast.Oneofthearticleshadapencilmarkattheheading,andInaturallybegantorunmyeyethroughit.
Itssomewhatambitioustitlewas“TheBookofLife,”anditattemptedtoshowhowmuchanobservantmanmightlearnbyanaccurateandsystematicexaminationofallthatcameinhisway.Itstruckmeasbeingaremarkablemixtureofshrewdnessandofabsurdity.Thereasoningwascloseandintense,butthedeductionappearedtometobefar-fetchedandexaggerated.Thewriterclaimedbyamomentaryexpression,atwitchofamuscleoraglanceofaneye,tofathomaman’sinmostthought.Deceit,accordingtohim,wasimpossibilityinthecaseofonetrainedtoobservationandanalysis.HisconclusionswereasinfallibleassomanypropositionsofEuclid.Sostartlingwouldhisresultsappeartotheuninitiatedthatuntiltheylearnedtheprocessesbywhichhehadarrivedatthemtheymightwellconsiderhimasanecromancer.
“Fromadropofwater,”saidthewriter,“alogiciancouldinferthepossibilityofanAtlantic.Soalllifeisagreatchain,thenatureofwhichisknownwheneverweareshownasinglelinkofit.Likeallotherarts,thescienceofDeductionandAnalysisisonewhichcanbeacquiredbylongandpatientstudy,norislifelongenoughtoallowanymortaltoattainthehighestpossibleperfectioninit.”
ThissmartlywrittenpieceoftheoryIcouldnotacceptuntilasuccessionofevidencesjustifiedit.
透人之本质,一点水能知大西洋。
这种一叶知秋的身手是经过长期察看、分析研究而得。
也就是说,经过察看分析,人可以变得敏感聪明,因为万物都有联络。
PassageThree(WomenandFashions)
Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm,evenonemadeaslittleastenyearsago,youcannothelpbeingstruckbytheappearanceofthewomentakingpart.Theirhair-stylesandmake-uplookdated;theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort;theirgeneralappearanceis,infact,slightlyludicrous.Thementakingpartinthefilm,ontheotherhand,areclearlyrecognizable.Thereisnothingabouttheirappearancetosuggestthattheybelongtoanentirelydifferentage.
Thisillusioniscreatedbychangingfashions.Overtheyear,thegreatmajorityofmenhavesuccessfullyresistedallattemptstomakethemchangetheirstyleofdress.Thesamecannotbesaidforwomen.Eachyearafewso-calledtopdesignersinParisorLondonlaydownthelawandwomenthewholeworldoverrushtoobey.Thedecreesofthedesignersareunpredictableanddictatorial.Thisyear,theydecideintheirarbitraryfashion,skirtswillbeshortandwaistswillbehigh;zipsareinandbuttonsareout.Nextyearthelawisreversedandfarfromtakingexception,nooneisevenmildlysurprised.
Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheyshudderatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyareannuallyblack-mailedbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clothes,whichhavebeenworn,onlyafewtimeshavetobediscardedbecauseofthedictatesoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomeniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobepackedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.
Changingfashionsarenothingmorethanthedeliberatecreationofwaste.Manywomensquandervastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Women,whocannotaffordtodiscardclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Hem-limesaretakenuporletdown;waist-linesaretakeninorletout;neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.
Noonecanclaimthatthefashionin
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