计算机英语Mouse.docx
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计算机英语Mouse.docx
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计算机英语Mouse
Mouse
Acomputermousewiththemostcommonstandardfeatures:
twobuttonsandascrollwheel,whichcanalsoactasathirdbutton
Incomputing,amouseisapointingdevicethatfunctionsbydetectingtwo-dimensionalmotionrelativetoitssupportingsurface.Physically,amouseconsistsofanobjectheldunderoneoftheuser'shands,withoneormorebuttons.Itsometimesfeaturesotherelements,suchas"wheels",whichallowtheusertoperformvarioussystem-dependentoperations,orextrabuttonsorfeaturesthatcanaddmorecontrolordimensionalinput.Themouse'smotiontypicallytranslatesintothemotionofacursoronadisplay,whichallowsforfinecontrolofagraphicaluserinterface.
Contents
[hide]
∙1Naming
∙2Earlymice
∙3Variants
o3.1Mechanicalmice
o3.2OpticalandLasermice
o3.3Inertialandgyroscopicmice
o3.43Dmice
o3.5Tactilemice
∙4Connectivityandcommunicationprotocols
o4.1Serialinterfaceandprotocol
o4.2PS/2interfaceandprotocol
o4.3AppleDesktopBus
o4.4USB
o4.5Cordlessorwireless
∙5Operation
∙6Multiple-mousesystems
∙7Buttons
∙8Mousespeed
∙9Mousepads
∙10Inthemarketplace
∙11Useingaming
o11.1First-personshooters
o11.2Homeconsoles
∙12Seealso
∙13Notes
∙14References
∙15Externallinks
Naming
Thefirstknownpublicationoftheterm"mouse"asapointingdeviceisinBillEnglish's1965publication"Computer-AidedDisplayControl".[1]
TheCompactOxfordEnglishDictionary(thirdedition)andthefourtheditionofTheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageendorsebothcomputermiceandcomputermousesascorrectpluralformsforcomputermouse.Someauthorsoftechnicaldocumentsmayprefereithermousedevicesorthemoregenericpointingdevices.Thepluralmousestreatsmouseasa"headlessnoun".
Earlymice
Earlymousepatents.Fromlefttoright:
OpposingtrackwheelsbyEngelbart,Nov.1970,U.S.Patent3,541,541.BallandwheelbyRider,Sept.1974,U.S.Patent3,835,464.BallandtworollerswithspringbyOpocensky,Oct.1976,U.S.Patent3,987,685
ThetrackballwasinventedbyTomCranston,FredLongstaffandKenyonTaylorworkingontheRoyalCanadianNavy'sDATARprojectin1952.ItusedastandardCanadianfive-pinbowlingball.Itwasnotpatented,asitwasasecretmilitaryproject.[2]
Independently,DouglasEngelbartattheStanfordResearchInstituteinventedthefirstmouseprototypein1963,[3]withtheassistanceofhiscolleagueBillEnglish.Theychristenedthedevicethemouseasearlymodelshadacordattachedtotherearpartofthedevicelookinglikeatailandgenerallyresemblingthecommonmouse.[4]Engelbartneverreceivedanyroyaltiesforit,ashispatentranoutbeforeitbecamewidelyusedinpersonalcomputers.[5]
TheinventionofthemousewasjustasmallpartofEngelbart'smuchlargerproject,aimedataugmentinghumanintellect.[6]
Thefirstcomputermouse,heldbyinventorDouglasEngelbart,showingthewheelsthatmakecontactwiththeworkingsurface
Severalotherexperimentalpointing-devicesdevelopedforEngelbart'soN-LineSystem(NLS)exploiteddifferentbodymovements –forexample,head-mounteddevicesattachedtothechinornose –butultimatelythemousewonoutbecauseofitssimplicityandconvenience.Thefirstmouse,abulkydevice(pictured)usedtwogear-wheelsperpendiculartoeachother:
therotationofeachwheeltranslatedintomotionalongoneaxis.EngelbartreceivedpatentUS3,541,541onNovember17,1970foran"X-YPositionIndicatorforaDisplaySystem".[7]Atthetime,Engelbartenvisagedthatuserswouldholdthemousecontinuouslyinonehandandtypeonafive-keychordkeysetwiththeother.[8]Theconceptwasprecededinthe19thcenturybythetelautograph,whichalsoanticipatedthefaxmachine.
ASmakymouse,asinventedattheEPFLbyJean-DanielNicoudandAndréGuignard
JustafewweeksbeforeEngelbartreleasedhisdemoin1968,amousehasalreadybeendevelopedandpublishedbytheGermancompanyTelefunken.UnlikeEngelbart'smouse,theTelefunkenmodelhadaball,asitcanbeseeninmostlatermodelsuntiltoday.Since1970itwasshippedasapartandsoldtogetherwithTelefunkenComputers.Somemodelsfromtheyear1972arestillwellpreserved[9]
Thesecondmarketedintegratedmouse –shippedasapartofacomputerandintendedforpersonalcomputernavigation –camewiththeXerox8010StarInformationSystemin1981.However,themouseremainedrelativelyobscureuntiltheappearanceoftheAppleMacintosh,includinganupdatedversionoftheoriginalLisaMouse.In1984PCcolumnistJohnC.Dvorakdismissivelycommentedonthenewly-releasedcomputerwithamouse:
"Thereisnoevidencethatpeoplewanttousethesethings".[10][11]
Variants
Mechanicalmice
Operatinganopto-mechanicalmouse.
1.movingthemouseturnstheball.
2.XandYrollersgriptheballandtransfermovement
3.Opticalencodingdisksincludelightholes.
4.InfraredLEDsshinethroughthedisks.
5.SensorsgatherlightpulsestoconverttoXandYvectors.
BillEnglish,builderofEngelbart'soriginalmouse,[12]inventedtheballmousein1972whileworkingforXeroxPARC.[13]
Theball-mousereplacedtheexternalwheelswithasingleballthatcouldrotateinanydirection.ItcameaspartofthehardwarepackageoftheXeroxAltocomputer.Perpendicularchopperwheelshousedinsidethemouse'sbodychoppedbeamsoflightonthewaytolightsensors,thusdetectingintheirturnthemotionoftheball.Thisvariantofthemouseresembledaninvertedtrackballandbecamethepredominantformusedwithpersonalcomputersthroughoutthe1980sand1990s.TheXeroxPARCgroupalsosettledonthemoderntechniqueofusingbothhandstotypeonafull-sizekeyboardandgrabbingthemousewhenrequired.
Mechanicalmouse,shownwiththetopcoverremoved
Theballmousehastwofreelyrotatingrollers.Theyarelocated90degreesapart.Onerollerdetectstheforward–backwardmotionofthemouseandothertheleft–rightmotion.Oppositethetworollersisathirdone(white,inthephoto,at45degrees)thatisspring-loadedtopushtheballagainsttheothertworollers.Eachrollerisonthesameshaftasanencoderwheelthathasslottededges;theslotsinterruptinfraredlightbeamstogenerateelectricalpulsesthatrepresentwheelmovement.
Eachwheel'sdisc,however,hasapairoflightbeams,locatedsothatagivenbeambecomesinterrupted,oragainstartstopasslightfreely,whentheotherbeamofthepairisabouthalfwaybetweenchanges.Simplelogiccircuitsinterprettherelativetimingtoindicatewhichdirectionthewheelisrotating.(Thisschemeissometimescalled"quadratureencoding")Themousesendsthesesignalstothecomputersystemviaadata-formattingICandthemousecable.ThedriversoftwareinthesystemconvertsthesignalsintomotionofthemousecursoralongXandYaxesonthescreen.
Theballismostlysteel,withaprecisionsphericalrubbersurface.Theweightoftheball,givenanappropriateworkingsurfaceunderthemouse,providesareliablegripsothemouse'smovementistransmittedaccurately.
HawleyMarkIIMicefromtheMouseHouse
BallmiceandwheelmiceweremanufacturedforXeroxbyJackHawley,doingbusinessasTheMouseHouseinBerkeley,California,startingin1975.[14][15]
BasedonanotherinventionbyJackHawley,proprietoroftheMouseHouse,Honeywellproducedanothertypeofmechanicalmouse.[16][17]Insteadofaball,ithadtwowheelsrotatingatoffaxes.Keytroniclaterproducedasimilarproduct.[18]
ModerncomputermicetookformattheÉcolepolytechniquefédéraledeLausanne(EPFL)undertheinspirationofProfessorJean-DanielNicoudandatthehandsofengineerandwatchmakerAndréGuignard.[19]Thisnewdesignincorporatedasinglehardrubbermouseballandthreebuttons,andremainedacommondesignuntilthemainstreamadoptionofthescroll-wheelmouseduringthe1990s.[20]In1985,RenéSommeraddedamicroprocessortoNicoud'sandGuignard'sdesign.[21]Throughthisinnovation,Sommeriscreditedwithinventingasignificantcomponentofthemouse,whichmadeitmore"intelligent;"[21]thoughopticalmicefromMouseSystemshadincorporatedmicroprocessorsby1984.[22]
Anothertypeofmechanicalmouse,the"analogmouse"(nowgenerallyregardedasobsolete),usespotentiometersratherthanencoderwheels,andistypicallydesignedtobeplug-compatiblewithananalogjoystick.The"ColorMouse",originallymarketedbyRadioShackfortheirColorComputer(butalsousableonMS-DOSmachinesequippedwithanalogjoystickports,providedthesoftwareacceptedjoystickinput)wasthebest-knownexample.
OpticalandLasermice
Awirelessopticalmouseonamousepad
Mainarticle:
Opticalmouse
Opticalmicemakeuseofoneormorelight-emittingdiodes(LEDs)andanimagingarrayofphotodiodestodetectmovementrelativetotheunderlyingsurface,ratherthaninternalmovingpartsasdoesamechanicalmouse.ALasermouseisanopticalmousethatusescoherent(Laser)light.
Inertialandgyroscopicmice
Oftencalled"airmice"sincetheydonotrequireasurfacetooperate,inertialmiceuseatuningforkorotheraccelerometer(USPatent4787051)todetectrotarymovementforeveryaxissupported.Themostcommonmodels(manufacturedbyLogitechandGyration)workusing2degreesofrotationalfreedomandareinsensitivetospatialtranslation.Theuserrequiresonlysmallwristrotationstomovethecursor,reducinguserfatigueor"gorillaarm".Usuallycordless,theyoftenhaveaswitchtodeactivatethemovementcircuitrybetweenuse,allowingtheuserfreedomofmovementwithoutaffectingthecursorposition.Apat
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