社区银行的发展历史以及在尼日利亚经济发展中扮演的角色外文翻译.docx
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社区银行的发展历史以及在尼日利亚经济发展中扮演的角色外文翻译.docx
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社区银行的发展历史以及在尼日利亚经济发展中扮演的角色外文翻译
社区银行的发展历史以及在尼日利亚经济发展中扮演的角色外文翻译
外文题目:
ThehistoryofcommunitybankinganditsroleinNigerianruraleconomicdevelopment
出处:
TheReviewofBlackPoliticalEconomy,2000,Volume28,Number3,Pages73-87
作者:
C.U.OkoyeandAmonO.Okpala
原文:
THEHISTORYOFCOMMUNITYBANKINGAND
ITSROLEINNIGERIANRURALECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
C.U.OkoyeandAmonO.OkpalaThisarticleexaminesthesalientfeaturesoftheruraleconomythatwouldtendtohaveadecisive6influenceontheoutcomesoftheactionsrural-basedNigerianCommunityBanks1CBsshouldtakeandarealreadytakingtoachievetheirultimatemandatewhichisruraldevelopment.
OurstressisontheinterdependenciesthatshouldexistbetweenCBsandtheruraleconomy.Thisrelationshipistobeviewedinthecontextofadynamicruralenvironmentrespondingtoidiosyncraticshocks,socio-culturalchangesandwidermacro-economicpolicies.Attheend,
wegiveapolicyguideforpursuingsustainablecommunitybankingunderconditionsofsustainableruralprogress.
Theruralbankingprogrammebeganasaphasedprogrammeenvisagedtomakeitpossibleforeverylocalgovernmentheadquarterstohaveatleastabranchofabankandeverysemi-urbancenterwithapopulationofmorethan30,000tohaveabankbranch.Althoughtheprogramme
inspiredsufficientbankingconsciousnessamongruraldwellers,itsprogresswassluggishduetoanumberofproblems.Theseincludedlowlevelsofpatronageduetolow-incomelevelsinsomeruralareas,lackofdurablebuildings,infrastructure,andtrainedpersonnel.Toaddresstheseproblems,thefederalgovernmentthroughtheCentralBankofNigeriasetinmotionprogrammestoacceleratetrainingofbankpersonnel.Also,bankswereallocatedruralbrancheswithduecognizanceoftheirproximitytotherurallocationandsupportedthecreationofzonalofficesfor
betterfieldcontrol.Otherpoliciesincludedthewaiverofrequirementforafeasibilitystudyreporttosupportapplicationtoopenaruralbranch;theexclusionofcreditgiveninruralareasfromcalculationoftheratioofabank'sadjustedcapitaltoitsloansandadvances;andallowingbankstohavemonopolyinrurallocations.
Theruralbankingprogrammeachievedconsiderablesuccessinthesensethatthenumberofbranchesplannedforthefirstphasewasadequatelymetandthesecondstagewouldinthesamewaybemet.However,manybanksretainedsuchbranchesjusttoprojectagoodcorporateimage.Mostruralbranchesperformedminimumbankingservices,andinmostcasestheydidnotreachouttothepeopleintheruralareas,andsmall-scalebusinesses,whichtheyweresupposedtosupport,didnotfeeltheirpresence.Assuch,thisprogrammeandalltheotherinstitutionalarrangementsmeanttorelegatethe"usurious"moneylenderscouldnotsucceed.Thecreditneedsoftheruralsectorcontinuedtobemetlargelyoutsidetheorganizedfinancialmarkets.
Apartfromthespecificreasonswhyeachoftheeffortsmentionedearlierfaltered,thereareanumberofothermicro-economicexplanationsthatrelatetothebasicnatureoftheruraleconomy.AsnotedbyHoffandStiglitz1990,theyincludethefollowing:
1、Ruraldwellers'lackofcollateralandthepossessionofbelowaverageincomes;
2、Allthepreviousattemptsfollowedatop-downapproachtoruralcreditmanagementasregardsscreening,incentives,andenforcementthatwereimposedfromoutsidewithoutadequateunderstandingofthedynamicsoftheruraleconomy;
3、Withintheruralareasbankswereselectiveaboutwhotoserve.Majorityofthebeneficiariesofloanswerepeoplewithconnectionswhowerenotnecessarilyruralresidents;
4、Thebankspresentedimpossiblenon-personalizedcontractarrangementsthatdidnottakeintoaccountproductionandconsumptionshockssufferedbyruralhouseholds.Creditsweretherebyconstrainedandtheborrowerwaspreventedfromshiftingresourcestoareasofneedinthehousehold/enterprisemix;
5、Theruralpeopledidnotunderstandthecopiouspaperworkinvolvedintheadministrationofthecreditsbythebanks;
6、Sometimesthestaffofthebanksexhibitedconductsbereftofempathywiththepoorruralmassesthusalienatingthem.
NigerianCommunityBankingisessentiallybuiltonthebroadconceptofsustainability.Itintegratesanumberofdistinctelementsthatmakeforsustainabledevelopment;themostremarkableofwhichismassparticipation/ownershiporwhatEjiofor1994termscollectivization.NigerianCommunityBanksareprivatelyowned,self-sustainingfinancialinstitutionsownedbyacommunity,oragroupofcommunitiestoprovidefinancialservicestomembersofthecommunity.Assuch,groupsasCommunityDevelopmentAssociationsCDAs,Co-operativeSocieties,Farmers'Unions,Tradegroups,aswellasindividualsconstitutetheshareholdersofacommunitybank.Becausethepatronageofacommunitybankissupposedtobelargelybyitsownersitassumestheessentialcharacterofaco-operativesociety.CBsaresmall-scaleandgrassrootsorientedandaresupposedtobenon-discriminatoryinapproach.
Alsonoteworthyisthefactthatintheruralcreditmarket,formalandinformalsectorsco-exist,despitethefactthatformalsectorinterestratesaresubstantiallybelowthosechargedintheinformalsector.Butthenumberofformallendersislimited,andthefewthatoperatespecializeinareaswherefarmershavelandtitles.CBswouldsignificantlychangethisfeatureiftheyimplementtheirchargeeffectively.Furthermore,inalotofcases,interestratesmaynotequilibratecreditdemandandsupply,andfollowingsevereproductionshocks,creditmaybecomeunavailableatanyprice.
Anotherconsiderationhereisthatinruralcreditmarketsthetendencyforborrowerstoshiftborrowedfundstoanysectortheypreferregardlessoftheoriginalapproval,isverycommon.ForCBsthathavesectoralallocationpreferences,fungibilityeffectsresultingfromtheabovetendency
couldcauseaworrisomedivergencebetweennominalandrealcreditallocationstothesesectors.
Rural-urbanlinkagesandlinkagesbetweenthevarioussectors/levelsoftheruraleconomyhavesomeeffectsontheworkingsofruralfinancialmarkets.Notableaspectsofrural-urbanlinkagesincludepermanentandseasonalmigrations,productandfactorexchanges,andprivateinterhouseholdcashtransfers.Seasonalmigrationsreduceruralunder-employmentwhilepermanentmigrationscanberegardedasinvestmentthatyieldsincomefortransfertoruralhouseholds.Ontheotherhand,whilemainlyfoodandrawmaterialsatvariousstagesofprocessinggotourbanareas,ruralareasreceivemanufactures.
Privateinter-householdcashtransfersareapermanentfeatureofruralurbanrelations.Understandingmoreaboutthesetransfersisimportantbecausetheyareasourceofidlecashintheruraleconomy,whichcouldbemobilizedbyCBs.CommunityBankscouldhaveinnovativelinkagemechanismswithurbanfinancialinstitutionsthatmayreceivesuchtransfersonbehalfoftheirclientsforonwardtransmissiontotheCB.Thisarrangementpromisesanumberofadvantagesincludingkeepingthecash,eveniftemporarily,incirculation,encouragingthebankinghabitamongruraldwellers,andreducingtheburdenandriskofcarryingmoneyaboutforurban-ruralremittersofcash.
CommunityBanksshouldbecommittedtofundingruralindustriesthatdependonlocallyavailablerawmaterialsinordertoincreasethemultipliereffectsofloanswiththeruralareas,whichcould,inturn,increasesavings.
POLICYGUIDE
ThekeyaimsofestablishingtheNigeriancommunitybankingaretopromoteruraldevelopmentthroughtheprovisionoffinanceandbankingservices,toenhancetherapiddevelopmentofproductiveactivities,andtoimprovetheeconomicstatusofsmall-scaleproducers.Toformulatepoliciesforachievingthese,abroadarrayofissuesdiscussedinthebodyofthisarticleshouldbeconsidered.However,wewishtolimitourpolicysuggestionstoafewbroadareas.ThefirstisCBinternalorganizational/operationalcharacteristics.Theneedarisesforactionstoremedyanumberofobserveddeficiencies.Thesedeficienciesinclude:
a.Theusualtendencyformanagersanddirectorstoapproveunauthorizedloans,withoutproperassessment,documentation,andrecoveryprovisions;
b.Contraventionofrulesandregulations,andotheroperatingguidelines.SomeCBshavebeenaccusedofillegallyopeningcashcenterscontrarytosection6.1aoftheCommunityBanksDecree,1992;
c.Inadequatemonitoringandsupervision;
d.In-fightingamongboardmembersandcourtsuitsinvolvingsectionsofcommunityrepresentedintheCDA;
e.LiquidityproblemsdoexistbecausesincecommunitybankingcommencedinNigeria,manyofthemhavealreadyexperiencedliquidity-relatedconcerns.
TheseproblemcallforincreasedmonitoringandsupervisionbytheNationalBoardforCommunityBanksNBCB.ButinadditionthereshouldbeadequateinternalcontrolwithintheCBs.Notmuchcanbeachievedbylamentingthecontraventionofcommunitybankingrulesandregulations.TheNBCBshouldbringerringmanagersandofficerstobookbyinvokingthefullforceofSection22subsection2oftheCornmunityBankDecree,1992.LegaladviceisneededtodevisewaysofshieldingCommunityBanksfromspill-overeffectsofpowertussleswithinCDAs,whicharesupposedtobethemajorshareholders.
CommunityBankshaveataskofdevelopinginnovativeproductsthatcanencourageruralpeopletosavewiththem.Wecannotpretendtohavespecificprescriptionsforachievingthisobjective.Oneofthepossiblewaysofenhancingcommunitybankingliquidityisbylinkingthemandtheruralinformalfinancialmarketwithinwhichalargechunkofthe
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