英语写作lesson 4paragraph writing.docx
- 文档编号:28275340
- 上传时间:2023-07-10
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:21
- 大小:33.36KB
英语写作lesson 4paragraph writing.docx
《英语写作lesson 4paragraph writing.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语写作lesson 4paragraph writing.docx(21页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英语写作lesson4paragraphwriting
Lesson4
段落写作
ParagraphWriting
Questionstoconsider:
vWhatisaparagraph?
vWhatisthestructureofatypicalEnglishparagraph?
vWhatkindofparagraphsarestrong/goodparagraphs?
Paragraph
agroupofsentencesthatdealwiththesamesubjectortopic
severalrelatedsentencesthatsupportonemainidea,whichislimitedtoandfocusedinonesentence.
段落的结构
(paragraphstructure)
v主题句(topicsentence)TS(+重述(restating)R)
v+发展句(Supporting/developingsentences)D
v+结论句(concludingsentence)C
v基本结构:
TS-(R)-D1-D2-D3-(C)
v主题句:
段首(普遍),提出主题
v重述句:
放在主题句后面,使它更具体,明确。
v展开句:
段中,论证,阐明,支持主题
v结论句:
段尾,对段落的中心思想进行重述,总结或评论。
vEinsteinwasapurelyandexclusivelyatheorist.Hedidn’thavetheslightestinterestinthepracticalapplicationofhisideasandthetheories.HisE=mc2isprobablythemostfamousequationinhistory—yetEinsteinwouldn’twalkdownthestreettoseeareactorcreateatomicenergy.HewontheNobelPrizeforhisPhotoelectricTheory,aseriesofequationsthatheconsideredrelativelyminorinimportancehedidn’thaveanycuriosityinobservinghowhistheorymadeTVpossible.
vFriendsareveryimportanttous.Theyshareourjoysandsorrows,andmakeourlifemeaningful.Alifewithoutfriendsisnotworthliving.Friendshipislikesunlighttothehumanspirit;wecannotflowerandgrowwithoutit.Soweshouldmakeasmanyfriendsaspossible.
v发展句不能简单的重复主题句的思想
Topicsentence
vWhatisatopicsentence?
vWhatarethefunctionsofthetopicsentence?
vWhatarethetwopartsofatopicsentence?
vWhatkindoftopicsentencesare“good”topicsentences?
vWherecanoneusuallyfindthetopicsentences?
Topicsentence
(governor)
vastatementthatdeclaresthemainideaofaparagraph,
vandlimitsthetopictosomespecificpoints,controlsthedevelopmentofthefollowingsentences.
主题句的构成
v主题topic+主导思想controllingidea:
vTopic:
中心事件,问题,解决的任务,论点--subject
vControllingidea:
作者的看法,观点,对主题的具体限定--attitudetowardsthesubject
主题句的特点:
v1) 段落主题句只能有一个主题。
v2) 段落主题句必须具备一个主导思想,即段落主题句中必须包含一个等待发展的思想;
v3) 段落主题句必须具有一定的限定性。
其限定内容有助于段落的铺开和抒发,避免段落在展开过程中偏离主题方向。
Controllingidea
vThevoterssupportedthecandidate.
vThevoterspassivelysupportedthecandidate.
vThevotersfoundseveralreasonsforsupportingthecandidate.
vAdictionaryisusefultoolforacollegestudent.
vPoorhandwritingcanoftengetyouintotrouble.
vTakingayoungchildtolunchrequirespatience.
vEnrollingincollegecanbeverysurprising.
vElectricityisanessentialpartofourmodernlife.
vWhat+how/whatspecific
vDoinghouseworkisveryboring.
vMytriptothebotanicalgardentaughtmealot.
v主题句直接点明某事物的作用,优点或看法。
Topic:
Solar Energy
vSolar energy can contribute to our future energy supply.
v主题句指出人们对某主题的论述要点。
Topic:
Solar Energy
vSolar energyisgettingpopularforseveralreasons.
Agoodtopicsentence
vGrammaticallycorrect
v---limitedtoorfocusedononespecificmainidea
Agoodtopicsentenceisusuallyonewithawell-definedcontrollingideathatcanbereasonablydevelopedwithinaparagraph.
vGeneraltopic:
television
vLimitedtopic:
televisioncommercials
vTopicsentence:
Toomanytelevisioncommercialscanbeadisaster.
vGeneraltopic:
television
vLimitedtopic:
effectsonpeople
vTopicsentence:
Televisionhasmorepositiveeffectsthannegativeeffects.
ForauniversitystudentinChina,livingonthecampusisbeneficialtohisstudy.
vWinteristhemostboringseasonoftheyear.
vBuyinginsuranceisagoodwayofinvestment.
v1)Itmusttaketheformofacompletesentence
一定要注意,主题句不能使用短语代替。
v2) 主题句不能太笼统:
Marriageisdifferent.
vTopic sentence:
I love our school campus.
这个主题句没有限制一个合适的范围,包括的内容面太宽,不好下笔,因此可改为:
I love our school campus for
several reasons.
vMarriageisdifferentfromthatofmygrandmother’stime.
v3) 主题句涉及的面也不能太窄,否则就没有展开讨论的余地。
Topic sentence:
I go to college to make friends.
v此类涉及面太窄的主题句就不好进一步发挥,这一主题句可改为:
I go to college for several reasons.
vtopicsentence≠simplefact
vFact:
Billworksninehoursadayandthengoestoschoolthreehoursanight.
vTopicsentence:
Billisambitious.
vFact:
Dianahasblueeyesandlongblondhair.
vTopic:
Dianaisbeautiful.
vFact:
Susanpaid$3.95forhernewdress.
vTopicsentence:
Susanlovestoshopforbargains.
vFact:
IknowMr.Charles.
vTopicsentence:
Mr.CharlesisthemeanestmanIeverknow.
Agoodtopicsentence
*asentenceratherthanaphraseorafragment
*neithertoobroadnortoospecific
*focusingononesingleidea
*Goodtopicsentence:
clearinideaandeasytoorganize
vIwasemployedlastsummerbytheKFCnearmyschool.
vI’dratherworkindoorsthanoutdoors.
vIworkparttimewhilegoingtoschool.
vSusanisconfused.
vSusanisundecidedaboutgettingmarried.
vSusandoesnotwantacareer.
v_____________________________Thefirsthasallthestandardsetsandbest-sellers—unread,untouched.Thesecondhasagreatmanybooks—afewofthemreadthrough,mostofthemdippedinto,butallofthemascleanandshinyasthedaytheywerebought.Thethirdhasafewbooksormany—everyoneofthemdog-earedanddilapidated,shakenandloosenedbycontinualuse,markedandscribbleinfromfronttoback.
vTherearethreekindsofbookowners.
v__________________Thetableswheretheworkerssatwereveryhighanduncomfortable.Exceptforahalfhouratlunchtime,therewerenobreaksinthedaytorelievetheboringwork.Therewasnomusic.Thewallsoftheworkroomswereadullgraycolor.Iwasamazedthattheworkershadn’tgoneonstrike.
vTheworkingconditionswerepoor.
v__________________Intownsandinvillages,onfarmsandinfactories,machineshavemadelifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoods----everything.Factoriesandindustrialplantsuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell.
vOurlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.
Positionofthetopicsentence
vatthebeginning
vattheend
vinthemiddleofaparagraph
vimpliedorsuggested
(notwrittenoutatall)
positionofthetopicsentence
一,段落的开端,预示或概述所要展开的内容。
v结构:
TS-D1-D2-D3
v绝大多数的说明文,以论文均采用这种模式,这是最广泛的一种模式。
v下面逐渐扩大,给主题句的论点提供细节和论证
Myhometownisfamousforseveralamazingnaturalfeatures.First,itisnotedfortheDawenRiver,whichiswideandfullofsandandsilt.Also,ontheedgeoftheTai’anisMountTai,whichaworld-famousbecauseitisverysteep.ThethirdamazingfeatureistheBigOldTree.Itstandstwohundredfeettallandisprobablyaboutsixhundredyearsold.
主题句放在段末
v先从许多细节出发,逐渐收拢,一步步归纳到中心论点,用一个主题句画龙点睛,把前面陈述的一切概括起来,做出结论。
v结构模式:
D1-D2-D3-TS
Englishisspokenbypilotsandairportscontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Over70percentoftheworld’smailiswritteninEnglish.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogramsareinEnglish.ClearlyEnglishisaninternationallanguage.
v同时位于段首和段末:
用于强调本段的重要性
vTheendrestatementismorestronglyexpressesthanthebeginningtopicsentence.
vGoodmannersareimportantinallcountries,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry.Americanseatwithknivesandfolks;theJapanese'seatwithchopsticks.Americanssay“hi”whentheymeet;Japanesemendonot.Onthesurface,itappearsthatgoodmannersinAmericaarenotgoodmannersinJapan,andinawaythisistrue,butinallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothers.Itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry.
v位于段中:
除了概括本段的中心意思外,亦起承上启下的过渡作用。
vserveasaconnectorortransition.
vIfyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:
“ColorTV.Only$79Twodaysale.However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts$395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.
v主题句隐藏于文中。
v用于不需要概括,读者也能轻易理解的段落内容,多为描写和叙事文。
只要中心突出,意思紧凑,也可达到好的写作效果,但不建议初学者使用。
vDr.JoanT.Freyberghasconcludedthatdaydreamingcontributestointellectualgrowth.Italsoimprovesconcentration,attentionspan,andtheabilitytogetalongwithothers,shesaid.Inanexperimentwithschoolchildren,shefoundthatdaydreamingletchildrentopaymoreattentiontodetails.Theyhavemorehappyfeelings.Anotherresearcherreportedthatdaydreamingseemedtoproduceimprovedself-controlandcreativeabilities.
Homework
1.Previewthewaysofdevelopingaparagraph.
2.topicforwriting:
generationgap;
newwaysofbuildingahouse;
thehousingprobleminchina
SupportingDetailsSearching
GroupWork:
Topicsentence:
Ieasilygiveupdoingmyhomework.
Ialwaysstarttofeelhungryandgointothekitchenforasnack.
IwillleavemystudyingtoinvestigateanynoiseIhear.
WhileIstudy,Itrytolistentotheradiowithoneear.
Ioftenleavemydesktogotothemirror,tocombmyhair.
Often,inthemiddleofanassignment,Idecidethatmyshoesneedpolishinganddothatinsteadoftheassignmentinfrontofme.
段落的发展
v在主题句确定后,需要围绕主题中心扩展成段落。
扩展的方式有多种,本节重点介绍排列顺序、比较和对照、因果推理、分类和举例。
vTheTopicSentence
v(ifpossiblewithlinktopreviousparagraph)
vFollowedby
vParagraphDevelopmentSentences
v(expansion/explanation/
comment/illustration)
vFollowedby
vTheConcludingSentence
v(ifpossiblewithlinktonextparagraph
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 英语写作lesson 4paragraph writing 英语 写作 lesson paragraph