外文翻译澳大利亚高等教育的成本函数精品.docx
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外文翻译澳大利亚高等教育的成本函数精品.docx
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外文翻译澳大利亚高等教育的成本函数精品
中文4160字
本科毕业论文(设计)
外文翻译
原文:
ACostFunctionforHigherEducationinAustralia
(extract)
1.Introduction
ThisstudyestimatesacostfunctionforhighereducationinAustralianuniversities.Theestimatedfunctionisusedtoexaminethecostofprovidinghighereducationtooverseasstudents.Inthehighereducationsector,productionfunctionsareusefulforevaluatingthestructureoftheindustryandcanserveasguidesforindividualinstitutionsonpoliciesaffectingtheirsizeandscope.Moreover,inviewoftherelaxationofprovisionsunderwhichuniversitiescanprovidehighereducationtofull-feepayingdomesticstudents,informationfromcostfunctionscanassistinstitutionstodevelopappropriatepricingstrategies.
Costfunctionsalsoprovideanopportunitytoevaluatethecostofprovidinghighereducationtooverseasstudents.Highereducationcostsforanindividualuniversitycanbeestablishedfromadetailedaccountingexerciseinwhichtheexplicitandimplicitcostsallocatedtocoursesandlevelsarecollected.However,inobtainingthecostsofoverseasstudents,thereisstillbeaneedforacostfunctionbecauseitisnecessarytoexaminewhatthecostswouldbeunderalternativestudentnumbers,thatis,withandwithoutoverseasstudents.Someideaofthevariationincostswithdifferentnumberscanbeobtainedbycomparinguniversitiesatthesamedatebutwithdifferentstudentprofiles.Hencetheuseofcostfunctionsprovidesamethodformeasuringthenetbenefits(orcosts)oftheprovidingeducationtooverseasstudents.
Thepaperisorganisedasfollows.Section2reviewssomeofthepreviousworkdoneontheAustralianhighereducationsectoranddiscussessomerelevantissues.Section3presentsthebasiccostfunctionmodel,describesthedataandpresentsempiricalresults.Section4presentsresultsfromtheapplicationofthecostfunction,includingthecostspredictionsfortheprovisionofhighereducationforoverseasstudents.Section5drawspolicyimplicationsandconclusions.
2.PreviousWorkandSomeIssues
Throsby(1986)estimatedthecostofprovidinghighereducationusingdatafrom18Australianuniversitiesfortheperiod1978to1982.ThiswasfollowedbyLloydetal.(1993)andLloyd(1994),whichdefinedtheconditionsunderwhichthefunctionalformofthecostfunctionallowseconomiesofscaleandscopeintheproductionofmultipleoutputs,thatisresearchandteachinginvariousdisciplinesandatdifferentlevels.Estimatesfromthesestudieswereusedtoanalysetheimpactoftheamalgamationsthatfollowedthe1987reforms.Inparticular,theestimatedequationwasusedtoevaluatethelikelycostsavingsarisingfromtheamalgamationoftwoormoreinstitutions.ThemostrecentcostfunctionestimateforAustraliaisreportedinThrosbyandHeaton(1995).Using1991cross-sectionaldataon42institutions,ThrosbyandHeatonanalysedtherelationshipbetweentheoperatingcostsofinstitutionsandthenumberofstudentsin10broadsubjectareasandthreelevelsofstudies,usingaquadraticfunctionofthestudentnumbers(implyingconstantmarginalcosts).TheircostfunctionwasusedbyBaker,CreedyandJohnson(1996)toevaluatethecostofoverseasstudents.
Anumberofissuesariseinderivingandusingsuchamodel.First,previousstudiesfailedtoaccountforunobserveddifferencesbetweenuniversities.Eachinstitutionhasaparticularstructurethatmaymaketheprovisionofparticularcoursesmorecostefficientinoneuniversitythaninothers.Inaddition,theexplanatoryvariableschosenmaynotadequatelyrepresentthecharacteristicsofparticularinstitutions;forexample,theremaybevariationofqualityandtheproportionofresourcesdevotedtoresearch.Theimplicitassumptionthatqualityofteachingisindependentofvariationsinstudentnumbersisalsomade.
Second,thereareaggregationproblemsassociatedwiththeaccuratespecificationofthevariables.Theseoccurbecausethechoiceofdisciplineorcourselevelcategoriesmaskslargedifferencesbetweencomponentsoftheaggregateddiscipline.Forexample,healthincludesthetrainingofbothhigh-costdoctorsandrelativelylow-costnurses.Attheaggregateleveltheymaybecombinedintoasinglecompositegroup,butindividualuniversitiesmayspecialiseineitherthehigh-costorthelow-costproduct.Accordingly,theirtotalcostswillbeunder-orover-estimatedbytheuseofanaveragedsetofparametersdefinedovertheuniversitiesasawhole.
Third,theconventionalcostminimisationassumptiondoesnotapplynaturallytothehighereducationsectorwhengovernment(toalargeextent)determinesboththefundingandtheoutput.Infact,manyuniversitiesmayusethesamemodelasusedbythegovernmenttodeterminethefundingofdomesticstudents(theRelativeFundingModel)forsettingfeesforoverseasstudents.
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- 外文 翻译 澳大利亚 高等教育 成本 函数 精品