克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版答案.docx
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克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版答案.docx
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克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版答案
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版答案
【篇一:
克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案英语版】
laborproductivityandcomparativeadvantage:
thericardianmodel
answerstotextbookproblems
1.a.theproductionpossibilitycurveisastraightlinethatinterceptstheappleaxisat400
(1200/3)andthebananaaxisat600(1200/2).
b.theopportunitycostofapplesintermsofbananasis3/2.ittakesthreeunitsoflabortoharvestanapplebutonlytwounitsoflabortoharvestabanana.ifoneforegoesharvestinganapple,thisfreesupthreeunitsoflabor.these3unitsoflaborcouldthenbeusedtoharvest1.5bananas.
c.labormobilityensuresacommonwageineachsectorandcompetitionensuresthepriceofgoodsequalstheircostofproduction.thus,therelativepriceequalstherelativecosts,whichequalsthewagetimestheunitlaborrequirementforapplesdividedbythewagetimestheunitlaborrequirementforbananas.sincewagesareequalacrosssectors,thepriceratioequalstheratiooftheunitlaborrequirement,whichis3applesper2bananas.
2.a.theproductionpossibilitycurveislinear,withtheinterceptontheappleaxisequalto
160(800/5)andtheinterceptonthebananaaxisequalto800(800/1).
b.theworldrelativesupplycurveisconstructedbydeterminingthesupplyofapplesrelativetothesupplyofbananasateachrelativeprice.thelowestrelativepriceatwhichapplesareharvestedis3applesper2bananas.therelativesupplycurveisflatatthisprice.themaximumnumberofapplessuppliedatthepriceof3/2is400suppliedbyhomewhile,atthisprice,foreignharvests800bananasandnoapples,givingamaximumrelativesupplyatthispriceof1/2.thisrelativesupplyholdsforanypricebetween3/2and5.atthepriceof5,bothcountrieswouldharvestapples.therelativesupplycurveisagainflatat5.thus,therelativesupplycurveisstepshaped,flatattheprice3/2fromtherelativesupplyof0to1/2,verticalattherelativequantity1/2risingfrom3/2to5,andthenflatagainfrom1/2toinfinity.
3.a.therelativedemandcurveincludesthepoints(1/5,5),(1/2,2),(1,1),(2,1/2).
b.theequilibriumrelativepriceofapplesisfoundattheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurves.thisisthepoint(1/2,2),wheretherelative
demandcurveintersectstheverticalsectionoftherelativesupplycurve.thustheequilibriumrelativepriceis2.
c.homeproducesonlyapples,foreignproducesonlybananas,andeachcountrytradessomeofitsproductfortheproductoftheothercountry.
d.intheabsenceoftrade,homecouldgainthreebananasbyforegoingtwoapples,andforeigncouldgainbyoneappleforegoingfivebananas.tradeallowseachcountrytotradetwobananasforoneapple.homecouldthengainfourbananasbyforegoingtwoappleswhileforeigncouldgainoneapplebyforegoingonlytwobananas.eachcountryisbetteroffwithtrade.
4.theincreaseinthenumberofworkersathomeshiftsouttherelativesupplyschedule
suchthatthecornerpointsareat(1,3/2)and(1,5)insteadof(1/2,3/2)and(1/2,5).theintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesisnowinthelowerhorizontalsection,atthepoint(2/3,3/2).inthiscase,foreignstillgainsfromtradebuttheopportunitycostofbananasintermsofapplesforhomeisthesamewhetherornotthereistrade,sohomeneithergainsnorlosesfromtrade.
5.thisanswerisidenticaltothatin3.theamountofeffectivelaborhasnotchanged
sincethedoublingofthelaborforceisaccompaniedbyahalvingoftheproductivityoflabor.
6.thisstatementisjustanexampleofthepauperlaborargumentdiscussedinthechapter.
thepointisthatrelativewageratesdonotcomeoutofthinair;theyaredeterminedbycomparativeproductivityandtherelativedemandforgoods.theboxinthechapterprovidesdatawhichshowsthestrongconnectionbetweenwagesandproductivity.koreaslowwagepresumablyreflectsthefactthatkoreaislessproductivethantheunitedstatesinmostindustries.asthetestexampleillustrated,ahighlyproductivecountrythattradeswithalessproductive,low-wagecountrywillraise,notlower,itsstandardofliving.
7.theproblemwiththisargumentisthatitdoesnotusealltheinformationneededfor
determiningcomparativeadvantageinproduction:
thiscalculationinvolvesthefourunitlaborrequirements(forboththeindustryandservicesectors,notjustthetwofortheservicesector).itisnotenoughtocompareonlyservicesunitlaborrequirements.ifalsals*,homelaborismoreefficientthanforeignlaborinservices.whilethisdemonstratesthattheunitedstateshasanabsoluteadvantageinservices,thisisneither
anecessarynorasufficientconditionfordeterminingcomparativeadvantage.forthisdetermination,theindustryratiosarealsorequired.thecompetitiveadvantageofanyindustrydependsonboththerelativeproductivitiesoftheindustriesandtherelativewagesacrossindustries.
8.whilejapaneseworkersmayearntheequivalentwagesofu.s.workers,thepurchasing
poweroftheirincomeisone-thirdless.thisimpliesthatalthoughw=w*(moreorless),pp*(since3p=p*).sincetheunitedstatesisconsiderablymoreproductiveinservices,servicepricesarerelativelylow.thisbenefitsandenhancesu.s.purchasingpower.however,manyoftheseservicescannotbetransportedandhence,arenottraded.thisimpliesthatthejapanesemaynotbenefitfromtheloweru.s.servicescosts,anddonotfaceaninternationalpricewhichislowerthantheirdomesticprice.likewise,thepriceofservicesinunitedstatesdoesnotincreasewiththeopeningoftradesincetheseservicesarenon-traded.consequently,u.s.purchasingpowerishigherthanthatofjapanduetoitslowerpricesonnon-tradedgoods.
9.gainsfromtradestillexistinthepresenceofnontradedgoods.thegainsfromtrade
declineastheshareofnontradedgoodsincreases.inotherwords,thehighertheportionofgoodswhichdonotenterinternationalmarketplace,thelowerthepotentialgainsfromtrade.iftransportcostswerehighenoughsothatnogoodsweretradedthen,obviously,therewouldbenogainsfromtrade.
10.theworldrelativesupplycurveinthiscaseconsistsofastepfunction,withasmany
steps(horizontalportions)astherearecountrieswithdifferentunitlaborrequirementratios.anycountriestotheleftoftheintersectionoftherelativedemandandrelativesupplycurvesexportthegoodinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantagerelativetoanycountrytotherightoftheintersection.iftheintersectionoccursinahorizontalportionthenthecountrywiththatpriceratioproducesbothgoods.
chapter3
specificfactorsandincomedistribution
answerstotextbookproblems
1.texasandlouisianaarestateswithlargeoil-producingsectors.therealwageofoil-
producingfactorsofproductionintermsofothergoodsfallswhenthepriceofoilfallsrelativetothepriceofothergoods.thiswasthesourceofeconomicdeclineinthesestatesin1986.
2.toanalyzetheeconomysproductionpossibilityfrontier,considerhowtheoutputmix
changesaslaborisshiftedbetweenthetwosectors.
a.theproductionfunctionsforgoods1and2arestandardplotswithquantitiesontheverticalaxis,laboronthehorizontalaxis,andq1=q1(k1,l1)withslopeequaltothempl1,andonanothergraph,q2=q2(k2,l2)withslopeequaltothempl2.
figure3-1
b.tographtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,combinetheproductionfunctiondiagramswiththeeconomysallocationoflaborinafourquadrantdiagram.theeconomysppfisintheupperrighthandcorner,asisillustratedinthefourquadrantdiagramabove.theppfiscurvedduetodecliningmarginalproductoflaborineachgood.
3.a.tosolvethisproblem,onecangraphthedemandcurveforlaborinsector1,
representedby(w=mpl1=demandforl1)andthedemandcurveforlaborinsector2,representedby(w=mpl2=demandforl2).sincethetotalsupplyoflaborisgivenbythehorizontalaxis,thelaborallocationbetweenthesectorsisapproximatelyl1=27andl2=73.thewagerateisapproximately$0.98.
w
l127l2
figure3-2100l
b.usethesametypeofgraphasinproblem2btoshowthatsectoraloutputisq1=44andq2=90.(thisinvolvescombiningtheproductionfunctiondiagramswiththeeconomysallocationoflaborinafourquadrantdiagram.theeconomysppfisintheupperrighthandcorner,asillustratedinthetext.)
c.useagraphoflabordemands,asinparta,toshowthattheintersectionofthedemandcurvesforlaboroccursatawagerateapproximatelyequalto$0.74.therelativedeclineinthepriceofgood2causedlabortobereallocated:
laborisdrawnoutofproductionofgood2andentersproductionofgood1(l1=62,l2=38).thisalsoleads
【篇二:
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-ch18】
monetarysystem,1870–1973
?
chapterorganization
macroeconomicpolicygoalsinanopeneconomy
internalbalance:
fullemploymentandprice-levelstability
externalbalance:
theoptimallevelofthecurrentaccount
internationalmacroeconomicpolicyunderthegoldstandard,1870–1914
originsofthegoldstandard
externalbalanceunderthegoldstandard
theprice-specie-flowmechanism
thegoldstandard“rulesofthegame”:
mythandreality
box:
humev.themercantilists
internalbalanceunderthegoldstandard
casestudy:
thepoliticaleconomyofexchangerateregimes:
conflictoveramerica’smonetarystandardduringthe1890s
theinterwaryears,1918–1939
thefleetingreturntogold
internationaleconomicdisintegration
casestudy:
theinternationalgoldstandardandthegreatdepression
thebrettonwoodssystemandtheinternationalmonetaryfund
goalsandstructure
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