产业集群外文翻译文献综述.docx
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产业集群外文翻译文献综述.docx
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产业集群外文翻译文献综述
产业集群外文翻译文献综述
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
英文:
HowdoIndustryClustersSuccess:
ACaseStudyinChina’sTextilesandApparelIndustries
ZhimingZhang,Chester,&NingCao
(InstituteofTextilesandClothing,TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversity)
3.IndustryClustersofTextilesandApparelinChina
IndustrialclusteringisanewphenomenoninChina.Onlyafewresearchstartedtopayattentiontoitinthe1990s.Wang(2001)describedthedevelopmentofsomeclustersinthecoastalregionsofChina,anddiscussedtheircharacteristics,includingtheirlocalizednetwork.Heparticularlyexaminedtheimpactofaccidentalfactorontheformationofclusters,andpointedoutthatthestrengthoftheimpactdependedonthecongruenceofthesectorchoice,broughtaboutbytheaccidentalfactor,withthenaturaladvantagesoftheregionandtherightnessofthepolicydecisionofthelocalgovernment.Thus,theimportanceofgovernmentwasemphasized.
Thefirsttieroftheclustersexistedinthelate1970sandearly1980s,whenChinawasfirstopentotheoutsideworld.Takingtheadvantagesofproximityandlowlaborcost,manyHongKongtextileandapparelcompaniesinvestedinPearlRiverdelta,andthereappearedafewclustersoftextileandapparelfirms.Theseclustersgrewfast,asnewinvestmentsalsocamefromTaiwanandotherplaces,andmanylocalentrepreneursemergedaswell.TheseclustersincludeShenzhen(thoughlatermuchdilutedasitisnowoneofthelargestcitiesinChina),Dongguan(similartoShenzhenbuttoalessdegree),Humen,Shaxi,andothers.
Closelyfollowingthis,theeconomyinYangtzeRiverdeltadevelopedfastandbecameverydynamic.Manyenterprisesofcollectiveownershipandofprivateownershipestablishedandgrewveryfast.Manyofthemweretextileandapparelfirms.Itwastypicalthatthesefirmsclusteredtogether.Severalreasonsaccountfortheirfastgrowth:
First,theentrybarriertothetextileandapparelindustrywasverylowintermsofcapitalandtechnology.Forexample,atthebeginning,onlyonemanuallyoperateddevicetoknitsocksorjustafewsewingmachineswereneeded.Atthesametime,therewasalmostendlesssupplyofcheaplabor,whowerefarmerseagertoleavetheland.Astheenterprisesexpanded,someshrewdentrepreneursluredtechniciansandskilledlaborswhowereretiredfromstate-ownedenterprisestoworkforthem.Thesefirmsweremostlocatedintowns.Thegovernmentgrantedveryflexiblepoliciesforthegrowthandoperationofthesefirms.Theyweremuchlessrestrictedbytheclumsyrulesandregulationsthanthestate-ownedenterprises,forexample,theydidnothavetoofferthesocallediron-bowltotheiremployees,andtheyhadnoburdenofpaymentstoretiredemployees.Ontheotherhand,thesefirmswereverysensitiveandresponsivetomarketchanges.Thus,theywereverycompetitive.Second,atthattimeChinawasjustabouttocomeoutoftheplannedeconomywhentherewasinsufficientsupplyofalmosteverything.Thus,therewasneveralackofstrongdemandforsuchconsumergoodsastextilesandapparel.Alongwiththis,littlemarketingandmarketingskillswereneededtoselltheproducts.Third,asthesefirmswerestartedbyfarmer-entrepreneursintownsandevenvillages,theysetexamplesandbecamemodelstoothers.Manytimesthelatterjustfollowedthefootprintsofthepioneers,startingwiththesamemethods,makingthesameproducts,andsellinginthesamemarket.Asvillagersoftenbelongtothesamefamily,theydidnotvieweachotherascompetitors,andhelpedeachotherintermsofcapital,technique,andevencustomersthroughthestrongsenseofkinship.
Thesefirmsweretheseedsoftheindustrialclustersoftextilesandapparel.Nowmostoftheclustersstilldistributedinthetwoareas:
PearlRiverdeltaandYangtzeRiverdelta.TheformerisGuangdongprovince,andthelatterZhejiangprovinceandsouthernpartofJiangsuprovince.ThesehappentobethemostadvancedregionsinChina,incoastalarea,withthebestinfrastructureininformation,communication,andtransportation.Asamatteroffact,mostoftheclustersarelocatedeitherbesideahighwayorveryclosetoaport.Theyarealsoveryclosetomajorcities,particularlyHongKong,Guangzhou,andShanghai.
AtpresentthestructuraldevelopmentofthetextileandapparelindustryofChinaischaracterizedintwodirections:
oneisagroupoflargecompaniesbasedinlargecitieswithcapacityinmarketingandproductdevelopment,oftenoperatingsupplychainregionallyevenglobally;theotherisanumberofclustersofmanysmallandmediumsizedfirmsbasedinsmallcitiesandtowns,withfeaturedproductsandvigorousgrowth(CNTIC,2003).Thus,industrialclusteringhasbecomeoneofthetwowingsofthedevelopmentofthetextileandapparelindustryinChina.Thisdemonstratestheimportanceoftheclusters.
4.CaseObservation
Weconductedanindustrysurveyinoneindustrialcluster,whichisatown,calledShengze,locatedinWujiangcountyofJiangsuprovinceineasternChina.WhileShengzehadanearlyhistoryofsilkproduction,itwasprimarilyofagriculturebeforethelate1970swhenChinastartedeconomicreforms.Atthattime,thesizeofthetownwasabout4squarekilometerswithapopulationof30,000.Sincethen,thetownhasseenenormousgrowthandbecomeoneofthe19townswithspecialfeaturesdesignatedbyCNTIC,andoneofthemostimportanttextileclustersinChina.ThefocusofShengzeisfabricmanufacturing,primarilylightweightedfabricsforliningofapparel.Nowthesizeofthetownhasexpandedto25squarekilometerswithapopulationofnearly200,000,mostofthemmigrantsfromotherpartsofthecountry.Thereareabout1,100factories,operatingabout50,000looms,allofwhichareofwater-jetorair-jet.Itissaidtobeoneofthelargestconcentrationofsuchlooms.ThetotalyearlyoutputisaboutRMB20billion(US$2.5billion).Thereareabout4,000sellingandbuyingofficeslocatedinthetown.Thebusinessdistrictofthetownisfullofsuchoffices,whichwouldimpressanyvisitorstothetown.Andthereisnosignofstoppingofthefastgrowth.
Thisisaqualitativeandexploratorystudy,andin-depthinterviewswithtownofficialsandentrepreneurswereusedtocollectinformationabouttheindustrialcluster.Altogether3townofficials(VicePartySecretaryofthetown,DirectorofTheTownGovernmentOffice,andDirectorofTheTownDevelopmentOffice)and8entrepreneurswereinterviewedbystructuredmeans.Duringtheinterviews,inadditiontothecurrentsituationofthecluster,thehistoryofdevelopmentwasalsoinvestigated.Emphaseswerepaidtothefollowingquestions:
howistheclusterformed;towhatdegreedoestownshipgovernmentplayarole,andtowhatdegreedomarketforcespromotetheclustering;whatistheadvantagesofclusteringtothelocalityandtotheenterprises;whataretheinteractiverelationshipamongtheenterpriseswithinthecluster;whatistherelationshipbetweentheclusterandtheexternalmarketsystem;howdoestheclusterattracttheservicingindustries;andhowdoestheclusteringhelpthecreationofnewenterprisesandnewjobs.Thesequestionshaveprofoundpolicyandmarketingimplications.Someofthefindingstothesequestionsarepresentedinthispaper,withafocusontheoriginandgrowthofthecluster.
4.1.Historicalfactors
Inaccordancewiththeliterature(Krugman,1986),thedevelopmentofShengzeintoalight-fabricclusterwasaccidental,butonheotherhandquitenaturalwithahistoricalreason.LocatedinsouthernChinawithwarmclimate,fertilelandandabundantwaterfromnearbyriversandlakes,ShengzehadbeenoneofthesilkcentersinChinaforhundredsofyears.Historically,residentsofShengzewereskillfulinsilkproduction,andmanyworkshopsandsilk-relatedbusinesseswerelocatedinShengze.MerchantsfromalloverthecountrywouldflocktoShengzeforsilk.Thus,itcouldberegardedasasilkclustereventhen.However,asplannedeconomywasestablishedandnoprivatebusinesswasallowedtoexist,thesilkcenterwasreducedtonothingandShengzewasnomorethananordinaryagriculturaltowninChina.Thiswasforabout3decadesuntilthelate1970s.Bythen,economicreformsbegan,andtownresidentswereallowedtostarttheirownbusinesses.Forafewofthem,thenaturalchoicewastoenterthesilkbusiness,sincethiswassomethingtheywererelativelyfamiliarwithandthelocalconditionsweresuitablefor.Thiswastheoriginofthecluster.
4.2.TheRoleoftheLocalAuthority
Whiletheoriginseemedtobenaturalandoutoftheplanofthelocalgovernment,thegovernmentdidplayanimportantroleinhelpingtheclustergrow.Bothgovernmentofficialsandentrepreneursemphasizedtheimportanceoftwomeasurestakenbythelocalauthority.
Thefirstonewastheestablishmentofamarketinitsphysicalform.TheShengzegovernmentwassensitivetorealizethatthelackofamarkethadbecometheconstraintonthedevelopmentoftheeconomicactivitiesandaphysicalmarketwasindemand.Thegovernmentthenfinancedanddeveloped“TheOrientalSilkMarket”,whichwaslikeamartandleasedtovarioustradingfirms.Thisprovidedaplatform,andtremendouslystimulatedthegrowthofbusinessesbothindemandandsupply.Laterwhenthiswasnolongersufficienttoholdallofthebuyingandsellingoffices,anewdistrictwasdeveloped,whicheventuallyexpandedintoanareawhichholdsthousandsofsellingandbuyingoffices.
Theotherwastheestablishmentofanindustrialpark,whichisbesidetheprovincialhighway.Thegovernmentprovidedtheinfrastructureintermsofroad,water,electricity,andother
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