GRE复习指导高频机经阅读精选.docx
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GRE复习指导高频机经阅读精选.docx
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GRE复习指导高频机经阅读精选
2015GRE复习指导----高频机经阅读精选
英国女演员地位:
根据寂静“有一个讲EnglishActress的长阅读。
大致是分析为什么1860(?
记不清什么时候了)之后EnglishActresseswereacceptedbytheaudiences.第一段都是在讲几种解释,然后一一否定掉。
第二段就给出了作者支持的解释:
好像是...差异来着忘了。
第三段就记到说King通过影响aristocrats从而影响了audiences对Actresses的态度。
有个题问道King的意义。
”
原文应该是从KatharineEisamanMaus的PlayhouseFleshandBlood":
SexualIdeologyandtheRestorationActress(1979)中节选的。
文章谈到1660年第一个actress登台。
尽管是重要的一步,但不是没有先例,e.g.,QueenHenriettaMaria。
是什么导致了观众观念的转变呢?
难道audience突然意识到应该relinquishasetofabsurdscruples?
Theorthodoxexplanationoftheactresses'newacceptabilityis,ifnotentirelywrong,atleastseriouslyinsufficient.Orthodoxexplanation说actress出现是因为人们不满老用boys来演女人。
作者随后说这种论证没有证据,因为多数观众都挺满意男孩演的Juliets,Cleopatras..另外有人说人们开始追求naturalism,作者也反对,因为thestandardofnaturalismchangesfromgenerationtogeneration.
1660开始的新的戏剧种类教Restorationtheater,比之前更public的剧院更加intimate。
女演员一直在restorationtheater表演,所以已经被一小群人accepted.
作者的观点:
sexualexplicitness。
17世纪女人低于男人的hierarchicalstructure已经过时了.CharlesI喜欢courtdrama,因为大家都dressup显示地位;然而CharlesII喜欢带着面具和一帮aristocratsandrichLondoners一起party.整个时代都趋向于更平等的社会地位。
但是这同时也使人们更注重什么是typically"male"or"female"。
人们开始觉得女性是非常uniqueanddelicate的,需要独特的actress来presentthefemalepersonalityonstage.
发个关于1660年前后actress没地位的机经文章
Inthepast,onlymencouldbecomeactorsinsomesocieties.IntheancientGreeceandRome[13]andthemedievalworld,itwasconsidereddisgracefulforawomantogoonthestage,andthisbeliefpersisteduntilthe17thcentury,wheninVeniceitwasbroken.InthetimeofWilliamShakespeare,women'srolesweregenerallyplayedbymenorboys.[14]
Whenaneighteen-yearPuritanprohibitionofdramawasliftedaftertheEnglishRestorationof1660,womenbegantoappearonstageinEngland.MargaretHughesiscreditedbysomeasthefirstprofessionalactressontheEnglishstage.[15]ThisprohibitionendedduringthereignofCharlesIIinpartduetothefactthatheenjoyedwatchingactressesonstage.[16]Thefirstoccurrenceofthetermactresswasin1700accordingtotheOEDandisascribedtoDryden.[7]
InJapan,men(onnagata)tookoverthefemalerolesinkabukitheatrewhenwomenwerebannedfromperformingonstageduringtheEdoperiod.Thisconventionhascontinuedtothepresent.However,someformsofChinesedramahavewomenplayingalltheroles.
Inmoderntimes,womensometimesplaytherolesofprepubescentboys.ThestageroleofPeterPan,forexample,istraditionallyplayedbyawoman,asaremostprincipalboysinBritishpantomime.Operahasseveral"breechesroles"traditionallysungbywomen,usuallymezzo-sopranos.ExamplesareHanselinHänselundGretel,CherubinoinTheMarriageofFigaroandOctavianinDerRosenkavalier.
WomeninmalerolesareuncommoninfilmwiththenotableexceptionsofthefilmsTheYearofLivingDangerouslyandI'mNotThere.IntheformerfilmLindaHuntplayedthepivotalroleofBillyKwan,forwhichshereceivedtheAcademyAwardforBestSupportingActress.InthelatterfilmCateBlanchettportrayedJudeQuinn,arepresentationofBobDylaninthesixties,forwhichshewasnominatedfortheAcademyAwardforBestSupportingActress.Womenplayingmeninlivetheatreisparticularlycommoninpresentationsofolderplays,suchasthoseofShakespeare,thathavelargenumbersofmalecharactersinroleswherethegendernolongermattersinmoderntimes.[citationneeded]
Havinganactordressastheoppositesexforcomiceffectisalsoalong-standingtraditionincomictheatreandfilm.MostofShakespeare'scomediesincludeinstancesofovertcross-dressing,suchasFrancisFluteinAMidsummerNight'sDream.ThemovieAFunnyThingHappenedontheWaytotheForumstarsJackGilforddressingasayoungbride.TonyCurtisandJackLemmonfamouslyposedaswomentoescapegangstersintheBillyWilderfilmSomeLikeItHot.Cross-dressingforcomiceffectwasafrequentlyuseddeviceinmostofthethirtyCarryOnfilms.DustinHoffmanandRobinWilliamshaveeachappearedinahitcomedyfilm(TootsieandMrs.Doubtfire,respectively)inwhichtheyplayedmostscenesdressedasawoman.
Occasionally,theissueisfurthercomplicated,forexample,byawomanplayingawomanactingasamanpretendingtobeawoman,likeJulieAndrewsinVictor/Victoria,orGwynethPaltrowinShakespeareinLove.InIt'sPat:
TheMovie,filmwatchersneverlearnthegenderoftheandrogynousmaincharactersPatandChris(playedbyJuliaSweeneyandDaveFoley).
Afewrolesinmodernfilms,playsandmusicalsareplayedbyamemberoftheoppositesex(ratherthanacharactercross-dressing),suchasthecharacterEdnaTurnbladinHairspray—playedbyDivineintheoriginalfilm,HarveyFiersteinintheBroadwaymusical,andJohnTravoltainthe2007moviemusical.LindaHuntwonanAcademyAwardforBestSupportingActressforplayingBillyKwaninTheYearofLivingDangerously.FelicityHuffmanwasnominatedforanAcademyAwardforBestActressforplayingBreeOsbourne(amale-to-femaletranssexual)inTransamerica.
法国二月革命
来自海外新GRE考题,36套中E15大意:
二月革命由于成功了所以没有留下有用的资料,以致于被忽视,而失败的反叛运动往往会留下很多资料
Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
InFebruary1848thepeopleofParisroseinrevoltagainsttheconstitutionalmonarchyofLouis-Philippe.
Despitetheexistenceofexcellentnarrativeaccounts,theLineFebruaryDays,asthisrevoltiscalled,havebeenlargely5ignoredbysocialhistoriansofthepasttwodecades.Foreachofthethreeothermajorinsurrectionsinnineteenth-centuryParis—July1830,June1843,andMay1871----thereexistsatleastasketchofparticipants'backgroundsandananalysis,moreorlessrigorous,ofthe10reasonsfortheoccurrenceoftheuprisings.OnlyinthecaseoftheFebruaryRevolutiondowelackausefuldescriptionofparticipantsthatmightcharacterizeitinthelightofwhatsocialhistoryhastaughtusabouttheprocessofrevolutionarymobilization.
15Tworeasonsforthisrelativeneglectseemobvious.
First,theinsurrectionofFebruaryhasbeenovershadowedbythatofJune.TheFebruaryRevolutionoverthrewaregime,tobesure,butmetwithsolittleresistancethatitfailedtogenerateanyrealsenseofhistoricaldrama.Its20successor,ontheotherhand,appearedtopitkeysocioeconomicgroupsinalife-or-deathstruggleandwaswidelyseenbycontemporaryobserversasmarkingahistoricaldeparture.Throughtheirinterpretations,whichexertacontinuinginfluenceonourunderstandingofthe25revolutionaryprocess,theimpactoftheeventsofJunehasbeenmagnified,while,asanunintendedconsequence,thesignificanceoftheFebruaryinsurrectionhasbeendiminished.Second,likeother"successful"insurrections,theeventsofFebruaryfailedtogeneratethemost30desirablekindsofhistoricalrecords.AlthoughtheJuneinsurrectionof1848andtheParisCommuneof1871wouldbeconsideredwatershedsofnineteenth-centuryFrenchhistorybyanystandard,theyalsopresentthesocialhistorianwithasignaladvantage:
thesefailed35insurrectionscreatedamassofinvaluabledocumentationasaby-productofauthorities‘effortstosearchoutandpunishtherebels.
QuitedifferentistheoutcomeofsuccessfulinsurrectionslikethoseofJuly1830andFebruary1848.
40Experiencesareretold,butparticipantstypicallyresumetheirdailyroutineswithouteverrecordingtheiractivities.Thosewhoplayedsalientrolesmaybecometheobjectsofhighlyembellishedverbalaccountsorinrarecases,ofcelebratoryarticlesin45contemporaryperiodicals.Anditistruethatthepubliclyacknowledgedleadersofanuprisingfrequentlywritememoirs.However,suchdocumentsarelikelytobehighlyunreliable,unrepresentative,andunsystematicallypreserved,50especiallywhencomparedtothedetailedjudicialdossierspreparedforeveryonearrestedfollowingafailedinsurrection.Asaconsequence,itmayprovedifficultorimpossibletoestablishforasuccessfulrevolutionacomprehensiveandtrustworthypicture55ofthosewhoparticipated,ortoanswereventhemostbasicquestionsonemightposeconcerningthesocialoriginsoftheinsurgents.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply
9.Accordingtothepassage,ausefuldescriptionofparticipants"(lines11-12)existsforwhichofthefollowinginsurrectionsofnineteenth-centuryFrance?
□ATheJulyinsurrec?
onof1830
□BTheFebruaryRevolu?
onof1848
□CTheMayinsurrec?
onof1871
10.Whichofthefollowing,bestdescribestheorganizationofthesecondparagraph?
○AThethesisofthepassageisstatedandsupportingevidencesystematicallypresented.
○BTwoviewsregardingthethesispresentedinthefirstparagrapharecomparedandcontrasted
○CEvidencerefu?
ngthethesispresentedinthefirstparagraphissystematicallypresented.
○DThethesispresentedinthefirstparagraphissystematicallysupported.
○EThethesispresentedinthefirstparagraphisfurtherdefinedandaconclusiondrawn.
11.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthe"detailedjudicialdossiers"referredtoinline50?
○AInforma?
oncontainedinthedossiersshedslightonthesocialoriginsofarevolution'sparticipants.
○BThedossierscloselyresemblethenarra?
veswrittenbytherevolution'sleadersintheirpersonalmemoirs.
○CTheinforma?
onthatsuchdossierscontainisuntrustworthyandunrepresentativeofarevolution'sparticipants.
○DSocialhistoriansprefertoavoidsuchdossierswheneverpossiblebecausetheyareexcessivelydetailed.
○ETheFebruaryRevolu?
onof1848producedmoreofthesedossiersthandidtheJuneinsurrection.
12.Whichofthefollowingisthemostlogicalobjectiontot
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