考研英语真题及答案卷一打印版.docx
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考研英语真题及答案卷一打印版.docx
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考研英语真题及答案卷一打印版
考研资料
2005-2019年全国研究生入学考试试卷及参考答案(打印版)
英语
2019年研究生入学统一考试(英语一)
Section ⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones. 1 ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones 2 onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize. 3 yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou 4 can’tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate 5 tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...
Whenyoufindyourselfwell 6 atrail,butnotinacompletely 7 area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:
Which 8 isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?
Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?
Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater. 9 ,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould 10 seesignsofpeople.
Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights—youmaybe 11 howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.
Another 12 :
Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation. 13 ,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto 14 gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve 15 thewoods.Headtowardthese 16 tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor 17 lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.
18 ,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe 19 weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan 20 youtocivilization.
1. [A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All
2. [A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come
3. [A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until
4. [A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally
5. [A]back [B]next[C]around[D]away
6. [A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone
7. [A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar
8. [A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place
9. [A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides
10. [A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually
11. [A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused
12. [A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result
13. [A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample
14. [A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate
15. [A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under
16. [A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks
17. [A]artificial [B]mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited
18. [A]Finally [B]Consequently [C]incidentally[D]Generally
19. [A]memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings
20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C]lead [D]expose
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe ANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:
morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.
“Short-termism”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist.AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.
TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.
Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansinfinancialmarkers.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.
IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.
Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.
Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.
21. AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthe_________.
A. enhancebanker’ssenseofresponsibility
B. helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits
C. buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation
D. guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives
22. AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate_________.
A. theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits
B. governments’impatienceindecision-making
C. thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies
D. “short-termism”ineconomicsactivities
23. Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe__________.
A. indirect
B. adverse
C. minimal
D. temporary
24. TheUSandFranceexamples areusedtoillustrate____________.
A. theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism”.
B. thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.
C. theapproachestopromoting“long-termism”.
D. theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.
25. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A. FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism
B. PatienceasaCorporateVirtue
C. DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives
D. FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers
Text2
Gradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce—apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”—ishelpingraiseGPAs.
Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.
Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.
Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Untimely,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”
Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents—who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill—feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.
Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible—oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.
26. Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?
A. Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.
B. Students’indifferencetoGPAS.
C. Colleges’neglectofGPAS.
D. Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.
27. Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?
A. Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.
B. Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.
C. Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.
D. Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.
28. AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto_________.
A. obtainmorefinancialsupport
B. boosttheirstudentenrollments
C. improvetheirteachingquality
D. meetlocalgovernments’needs
29. Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?
A. Tocounterbalanceeachother.
B. Tocomplementeachothe
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