英式英语和美式英语在语法上的不同.docx
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英式英语和美式英语在语法上的不同.docx
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英式英语和美式英语在语法上的不同
DifferencesinAmericanandBritishEnglishgrammar
Introduction
SpeakersofAmericanEnglishgenerallyusethepresentperfecttense(have/has+pastparticiple)farlessthanspeakersofBritishEnglish.InspokenAmericanEnglishitisverycommontousethesimplepasttenseasanalternativeinsituationswherethepresentperfectwouldusuallyhavebeenusedinBritishEnglish.Thetwosituationswherethisisespeciallylikelyare:
(i)Insentenceswhichtalkaboutanactioninthepastthathasaneffectinthepresent:
AmericanEnglish/BritishEnglish
∙Jennyfeelsill.Sheatetoomuch.
∙Jennyfeelsill.She'seatentoomuch.
∙Ican'tfindmykeys.Didyouseethemanywhere?
∙Ican'tfindmykeys.Haveyouseenthemanywhere?
(ii)Insentenceswhichcontainthewordsalready,justoryet:
AmericanEnglish/BritishEnglish
∙A:
Aretheygoingtotheshowtonight?
∙B:
No.Theyalreadysawit.
∙A:
Aretheygoingtotheshowtonight?
∙B:
No.They'vealreadyseenit.
∙A:
IsSamanthahere?
∙B:
No,shejustleft.
∙A:
IsSamanthahere?
∙B:
No,she'sjustleft.
∙A:
CanIborrowyourbook?
∙B:
No,Ididn'treadityet.
∙A:
CanIborrowyourbook?
∙B:
No,Ihaven'treadityet.
1.Verbagreementwithcollectivenouns
InBritishEnglishcollectivenouns,(i.e.nounsreferringtoparticulargroupsofpeopleorthings),(e.g.staff,government,class,team)canbefollowedbyasingularorpluralverbdependingonwhetherthegroupisthoughtofasoneidea,orasmanyindividuals,e.g.:
Myteamiswinning.
Theotherteamareallsittingdown.
InAmericanEnglishcollectivenounsarealwaysfollowedbyasingularverb,soanAmericanwouldusuallysay:
Whichteamislosing?
whereasinBritishEnglishbothpluralandsingularformsoftheverbarepossible,asin:
Whichteamis/arelosing?
2.Useof“have”and“take”
InBritishEnglish,theverbhavefrequentlyfunctionsaswhatistechnicallyreferredtoasadelexicalverb,i.e.itisusedincontextswhereithasverylittlemeaninginitselfbutoccurswithanobjectnounwhichdescribesanaction,e.g.:
I'dliketohaveabath.
Haveisfrequentlyusedinthiswaywithnounsreferringtocommonactivitiessuchaswashingorresting,e.g.:
She'shavingalittlenap.
I'lljusthaveaquickshowerbeforewegoout.
InAmericanEnglish,theverbtake,ratherthanhave,isusedinthesecontexts,e.g.:
Joe'stakingashower.
I'dliketotakeabath.
Let'stakeashortvacation.
Whydon'tyoutakearestnow?
3.Useofauxiliariesandmodals
InBritishEnglish,theauxiliarydoisoftenusedasasubstituteforaverbwhenreplyingtoaquestion,e.g.:
∙A:
Areyoucomingwithus?
∙B:
Imightdo.
InAmericanEnglish,doisnotusedinthisway,e.g.:
∙A:
Areyoucomingwithus?
∙B:
Imight.
InBritishEnglishneedn'tisoftenusedinsteadofdon'tneedto,e.g.:
Theyneedn'tcometoschooltoday.
Theydon'tneedtocometoschooltoday.
InAmericanEnglishneedn'tisveryunusualandtheusualformisdon'tneedto,i.e.:
Theydon'tneedtocometoschooltoday.
InBritishEnglish,shallissometimesusedasanalternativetowilltotalkaboutthefuture,e.g.:
Ishall/willbetherelater.
InAmericanEnglish,shallisunusualandwillisnormallyused.
InBritishEnglishshallI/weisoftenusedtoaskforadviceoranopinion,e.g.:
Shallweaskhimtocomewithus?
InAmericanEnglishshouldisoftenusedinsteadofshall,i.e.:
Shouldweaskhimtocomewithus?
4.Useofprepositions
InBritishEnglish,atisusedwithmanytimeexpressions,e.g.:
atChristmas/five'o'clock
attheweekend
InAmericanEnglish,onisalwaysusedwhentalkingabouttheweekend,notat,e.g.:
Willtheystillbethereontheweekend?
She'llbecominghomeonweekends.
InBritishEnglish,atisoftenusedwhentalkingaboutuniversitiesorotherinstitutions,e.g.:
Shestudiedchemistryatuniversity.
InAmericanEnglish,inisoftenused,e.g.:
ShestudiedFrenchinhighschool.
InBritishEnglish,toandfromareusedwiththeadjectivedifferent,e.g.:
Thisplaceisdifferentfrom/toanythingI'veseenbefore.
InAmericanEnglishfromandthanareusedwithdifferent,e.g.:
Thisplaceisdifferentfrom/thananythingI'veseenbefore.
InBritishEnglishtoisalwaysusedaftertheverbwrite,e.g.:
Ipromisedtowritetohereveryday.
InAmericanEnglish,tocanbeomittedafterwrite,i.e.:
Ipromisedtowritehereveryday.
5.Pasttenseforms
BelowisatableshowingverbswhichhavedifferentsimplepastandpastparticipleformsinAmericanandBritishEnglish.Notethattheirregularpastformsburnt,dreamtandspoiltarepossibleinAmericanEnglish,butlesscommonthantheformsendingin-ed.
Infinitive
Simplepast
(Br)
Simplepast
(Am)
Pastparticiple
(Br)
Pastparticiple
(Am)
burn
burned/
burnt
burned/
burnt
burned/
burnt
burned/
burnt
bust
bust
busted
bust
busted
dive
dived
dove/
dived
dived
dived
dream
dreamed/
dreamt
dreamed/
dreamt
dreamed/
dreamt
dreamed/
dreamt
get
got
got
got
gotten
lean
leaned/
leant
leaned
leaned/
leant
leaned
learn
learned/
learnt
learned
learned/
learnt
learned
plead
pleaded
pleaded/
pled
pleaded
pleaded/
pled
prove
proved
proved
proved
proved/
proven
saw
sawed
sawed
sawn
sawn/
sawed
smell
smelled/
smelt
smelled
smelled/
smelt
smelled
spill
spilled/
spilt
spilled
spilled/
spilt
spilled
spoil
spoiled/
spoilt
spoiled/
spoilt
spoiled/
spoilt
spoiled/
spoilt
stink
stank
stank/
stunk
stunk
stunk
wake
woke
woke/
waked
woken
woken
NotethathavegotispossibleinAmericanEnglish,butisusedwiththemeaning'have',gottenistheusualpastparticipleofget,e.g.
AmericanEnglish
BritishEnglish
You'vegottwobrothers
(=youhavetwobrothers)
You'vegottwobrothers
You'vegottentallerthisyear
You'vegottallerthisyear
小学二
(2)班班规
一、安全方面
1、每天课间不能追逐打闹。
2、中午和下午放学要结伴回家。
3、 公路上走路要沿右边走,过马路要注意交通安全。
4、 不能在上学路上玩耍、逗留。
二、学习方面
1、每天到校后,不允许在走廊玩耍打闹,要进教室读书。
2、每节课铃声一响,要快速坐好,安静地等老师来上课。
3、课堂上不做小动作,不与同桌说悄悄话,认真思考,积极回答问题。
4、养成学前预习、学后复习的好习惯。
每天按时完成作业,保证字迹工整,卷面整洁。
5、考试时做到认真审题,不交头接耳,不抄袭,独立完成答卷。
三、升旗排队和两操方面
1、升旗时,要快速出教室排好队,做到快、静、齐,安静整齐地排队走出课室门,班长负责监督。
2、上午第二节后,快速坐好,按要求做好眼保健操。
3、下午预备铃声一响,在座位上做眼保健操。
四、卫生方面
1、每组值日生早晨7:
35到校做值日。
2、要求各负其责,打扫要迅速彻底,打扫完毕劳动工具要摆放整齐。
3、卫生监督员(剑锋,锶妍,炜薪)要按时到岗,除负责自己的值日工作外,还要做好记录。
五、一日常规
1、每天学生到齐后,班长要检查红领巾。
2、劳动委员组织检查卫生。
3、每天负责领读的学生要督促学生学习。
4、上课前需唱一首歌,由文娱委员负责。
5、 做好两操。
6、 放学后,先做作业,然后帮助家长至少做一件家务事。
7、 如果有人违反班规,要到老师处说明原因。
班训:
坐如钟 站如松 快如风 静无声
班规:
课堂听讲坐如钟,精神集中认真听;
排队升旗站如松,做操到位展雄风;
做事迅速快如风,样样事情记得清;
自习课上静无声,踏实学习不放松;
个人努力进步快,团结向上集体荣;
我为领巾添光彩,标兵集体记我功。
加分标准
序号
考核项目
加分值
备注
1
单元考试满分
+2
2
单元考试85分以上
+1
3
课堂小测满分
+1
4
期中、期末考试满分
+3
5
在红领巾广播站投稿一次
+2
6
在校级活动中获奖
+5
7
作业十次全对得一颗星
+3
8
课堂上得到表扬
+1
9
班干部工作认真负责
+1
10
做好事、有利于班集体和学校的事
+2
11
进步比较明显
+2
12
连续一周该组值日卫生达标
本组值日生每人加2分
扣分标准
序号
考核项目
扣分值
备注
1
没交作业、不做晚作业
-1
2
忘带书本、学具
-1
3
迟到
-1
4
在课堂上被老师点名
-2
5
不穿校服,不戴红领巾
-1
6
吃零食、带钱、带玩具
-2
7
说脏话、打架
-3
请家长,写保证书
8
座位周围有垃圾
-2
9
课间操、眼保健操不认真做
-1
10
升旗时违反纪律
-2
11
来学校不进教室,在走廊聊天打闹
-1
12
体育课打闹说话、排队不整齐
-2
注:
每人基本分60分起,学期末核算总分,作为学期评先依据。
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