西方翻译理论.docx
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西方翻译理论.docx
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西方翻译理论
一.Thebeginningperiod–theendof4thcenturyB.C
Background:
RomanEmpirebecamepowerfulintheworld.GreekculturewasveryattractivetoRome.
Representatives:
Andronicus:
Home’sOdysseus,240B.C
Thefirstlarge-scaletranslationactivityinEurope.
Cicero:
ThefirsttranslationtheoristinthewestinRomanperiodliteraltranslationandfreetranslationfromtheviewofarhetorandorator.
Weakness:
lakeofsystematicstudyoftranslationprinciple.
Significance:
①introducetheancientGreekliteratureintoRomeevenintothewesternworld.②developRomeliterature.
二.FromRomeEmpiretoearlyMiddleAges
Background:
tomeettheneedsofChristiancommunity-developthereligiousculture,ScriptureswastranslatedformHebrewtoLatin.
Features:
religioustranslationactivity
Representatives:
Jerome,theOldTestament
Themostsystematicamongallancienttranslators
意译:
Freetranslation-literaryworks
直译:
Literaltranslation-thescriptures
三、TheMedievalTimes
TranslationcenterformBaghdad(Syria)toToledo(Spain)
1Syria:
the9th-10thcentury,foundedtheHouseofWisdom,Greek-Arabic
Features:
word-for-wordtranslation
2Toledo:
the11th–12thcenturytheschooltoToledoArabic→LatinandSpain
Significance:
toprovideasolidscientificandtechnologicalbasisfortheEuropeanRenaissance.
四、TheRenaissancePeriod
Features:
fromancientliteraryworkstomajorcontemporaryworks
Representative:
MartinLutherNewTestamentintoGerman
①shiftsofwordorder
②useofmodalauxiliaries
③introduceofconnectives
④suppressionofforeigntermsthathadnoequivalentinGerman
⑤usephraseintargetlanguagetotranslatewordsinsourcelanguage
⑥shiftsofmetaphortonon-metaphororviceverse.
五、Fromthelateof17thcenturytotheearlyof20thcentury
Representative:
JohnDryden,AlexanderTytler,ArnoldNewman
Feature:
tocultivatealiterarynature;toadvancethetheoryoftranslatabilityanduntranslatability.
六、ContemporarytranslationstudiesworldwarⅡ
Features:
①progressindifferentfield
②aspecialoccupation
3includingmoderntranslationtheories(1959-1972)andcontemporarytranslationtheories(1972-nowadays)
Moderntranslationtheories(1959-1972)
Representative:
①RomanJakobson:
OnLinguisticAspectofTranslationin1959intralingualtranslation.InterlingualTranslation,Intersemiotictranslation.
②J.R.Firth&Catford:
thetheoryoftextualequivalence
4EugeneNida
ContemporaryTranslationtheories(1972-now)
Representative:
JamesHolmes
TheNameandNatureofTranslationstudiesin1972proposedthatTranslationStudiesisanindependentsubject.
Including:
DeconstructionSchool,Post-colonialismandFeminismschool.
PhilologicalSchool
Time:
beforetheworldwarⅡ
Background:
fromtranslators’translationpractice
Features:
Literalandfreetranslation;contentandstyle;faithfulnessandaesthetics
Weakness:
nosystematictranslationtheories
Researchobjects:
1)Register2)figuresofspeech3)creativityoflanguage
1)Register:
Therelationshipbetweenaparticularstyleoflanguageanditscontextofuse
①Diachronicperspective:
toobserveadaptabilityoflanguagefromhistorydevelopment:
neologism;archaism;old-fashionedword;olduse
②Synchronicperspective:
toanalyzelanguageusagefromsynchronicsequence;terminology;writtenlanguage,orallanguage,commonlanguage,vulgarity,etc
③InterlacingperspectiveFunction:
whethertranslationisinaccordancewithSTonlinguisticlevelandwhetheritreflectsthecharacter,time,andindividualstyleofthework.
2)Figureofspeech
ComparisononfigureofspeechbetweenSTandTT:
tofindthehiddenrulesandestablishregulationorcriteriontoguidetranslationanditsevaluation.
Threeapproachestoconformtocriteria:
①Domestication:
Venuti,1995译者向目的语者靠拢
②Foreignization向原语文化靠拢,把原语言中的文化信息向目的语转输丰富目的语。
③Literaltranslation+notes
Representatives:
1)JohnDryden(1631-1700):
Britishpoet,translator
①Formedacomparativelyclear,comprehensiveandmetaphases,paraphrase,imitation.
②a.translationisanart;b.graspsthefeaturesofST;c.takestheTLreadersintoconsideration;d.translatorsweretheslaversoftheauthor;e.foreignwordscanbeappliedintranslation
③Centralidea:
faithfulnesstoSTandtheauthor.
2)AlexanderFraserTytler(1747-1814)
a.Goodcommandofbothlanguagesandtrytoreproducetheideacompletely,toaddsomenecessarycontentsanddeletesuperfluousones.
b.Styleandtechniques,usedintranslationshouldbesimilarwiththatoftheoriginal.
c.Translationshouldbeassmoothasoriginal.
d.Anexcellenttranslationshouldenablethereaderstoappreciatethebeautyofthesourcetext.
3)TheordoreSavory:
BritishresearchafterworldwarⅡ.Translatorsencounter3obviousproblemsinchoosingequivalentwords.
a.Illusorycorrespondence
b.Gapsinlanguagethatcan’tbefilledintra
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- 关 键 词:
- 西方 翻译 理论