《精神病学基础》教学大纲.docx
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《精神病学基础》教学大纲.docx
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《精神病学基础》教学大纲
《精神病学基础》教学大纲
(供精神卫生专业本科使用)
济宁医学院精神卫生学院(系、部)
二00六年六月
《精神病学基础》课程教学大纲
课程主任:
王克勤开课单位:
精神病学基础教研室
课程编码:
0310014课程中文名称:
精神病学基础
课程英文名称:
TheFoundationforPsychiatry
《精神病学基础》课程是精神卫生专业本科高等教育的专业基础课程。
其基本任务是为更好的预防和治疗精神疾病提供有效的理论基础。
精神疾病是特殊复杂的,这主要在于人的精神活动既受生物、心理、社会和自然环境的多种影响,又反过来能影响到这其中的诸多因素。
但人的精神活动的物质基础是大脑,不管是什么样的原因,通过什么样的途径,最终都要作用于大脑,才能导致精神活动异常。
《精神病学基础》以脑科学为基础,以与精神病学密切有关的功能神经解剖、神经生化、认知神经科学、神经心理学等领域的相关知识为主要讲授内容,是集理论性与应用性为一体的学科。
设置本课程的目的是:
使学习者全面了解与精神病学密切有关的神经生物学和心理社会科学内容,系统掌握有关的功能神经解剖、神经生化、神经发育、神经可塑性、认知神经科学、病因学、心理社会科学等方面的基础知识,具备在临床工作中全面、客观的认识、分析、判断精神疾病的实际技能,从而胜任精神科临床医疗和教学工作。
学习本课程的要求是:
学习者应认识到、生物-心理-社会这种医学模式在精神科尤为重要。
在学习中,要系统掌握:
1、精神活动和行为的神经生物学基础,2、社会因素和心理活动及行为与大脑的相互作用、相互影响,3、人格和行为模式的形成和可变性。
学会在临床工作中自觉地从生物、心理、社会三个方面全面、深刻地认识、分析、判断具体的疾病。
提高诊断、治疗、预防精神疾病的水平,为成为一名高水平的精神科医生打下良好的基础。
先修课程要求:
神经解剖学、神经生化学、神经病理学、病理生理学、内分泌学和遗传学。
本课程计划42学时,3.5学分。
选用教材:
自编英文版《精神病学基础》
教学手段:
课堂讲授
考核方法:
闭卷考试
教学进程安排表:
章节
教学内容
学时
理论
实践
合计
1
IntroductionofBrainandBehavior
2
2
NeuralSignaling
2
3
Intraneuronalsignalingpathways
2
4
Neurotransmitter
4
5
LimbicStructureandBasalGanglia
2
6
CerebralCortex
4
7
NeuropsychologicalDevelopment
2
8
NeuralPlasticity
2
9
Memory
2
10
EmotionandSocialCognitive
2
11
Aetiologyofpsychiatry
4
12
ContributionsofthePsychosocialSciencestoHumanBehavior
6
13
TheoriesofPersonalityandPsychopathology
4
14
PsychologyandPsychiatry:
PsychometricandNeuropsychologicalTesting
4
合计
42
第一章脑与行为概述
一、学习目的
通过本章的学习,明确为什么研究脑和行为,理解脑和正常及异常精神活动的关系,掌握神经系统功能原则。
本章计划2学时。
二、课程内容
1.WhyStudyBrainandBehavior?
Thehumanbrainisthebiologicalsubstrateforallofouremotions,cognitiveabilities,andbehaviors—thatis,everythingwefeel,think,anddo.Theaccumulatedresearchsuggeststhreereasonsforlinkingthestudyofbrainandbehavior:
⑴Agrowinglistofbehavioraldisorderscanbeexplainedandpossiblycuredbyunderstandingthebrain.Indeed,morethan2000disordersmayinsomewayberelatedtobrainabnormalities.
⑵ThebrainisthemostcomplexlivingorganonEarthandisfoundinmanydifferentgroupsofanimals.
⑶Howthebrainproducesbothbehaviorandhumanconsciousnessisamajorunansweredscientificquestion.
2.MentalhealthandBrain
Wearedefinedbyourbrainsmorethananyotherorganinourbody.Thebrainoffersendlesspossibilities;whenthebrainmalfunctions,however,anindividualmayfaceanunwelcomedisorder,inmanycases,alive-inguestforlife.
Thenumberofpeoplesufferingfrommentalillnessesvaries;whereasschizophreniaaffectsabout1%ofthepopulation,depressionaffectsabout15%,asdoesAlzheimer’sdiseaseinpeopleover65.Althoughexcitingresearchiscurrentlybeingconductedinneurosciencelaboratoriesallovertheworld,acureformentalillnessisstillelusive.
3.NeuroscienceinanEvolutionaryContext
Evolutionresultsfromthecomplexinterplayofbiologyandenvironment,ofgenesandexperience.Thisongoinginterplayinfluenceshowhumansandotheranimalsbehaveandlearnfromearliestinfancythrougholdage.Experiencecaninfluencethemessagesthatgenesproduce,andgenes,inturn,caninfluenceanorganism’senvironmentandexperience.
Predictabledevelopmentalstagesareinitiatedbythegeneticcode,butthedetailsofdevelopmentcanbeinfluencedbychance,byexperience,andbytheenvironment.
Thedanceofgeneticandexperientialinfluencescontinuesthroughoutourlivesjustasitdoesinthecontinuingevolutionofourspecies.Experiencescanturnthegenesinneuronson,andthewayinwhichgenesareturnedoninfluencesexperience.Theinfluenceofgenesandexperienceisnotsimplytoformneuronsandplacetheminappropriaterelationswithoneanotherbutalsotoeliminateexcessorfaultyneuronsandconnections,analogouslytothesculptingofastatuefromanunshapedblockofmarble.
4.ThePrinciplesofNervousSystemFunction
Principle1:
Information-ProcessingSequenceintheBrainIs“In→Integrate→Out”
Principle2:
SensoryandMotorFunctionsthroughouttheNervousSystemAreSeparated
Principle3:
InputsandOutputstotheBrainAreCrossed
Principle4:
BrainAnatomyandFunctionDisplayBothSymmetryandAsymmetry
Principle5:
TheNervousSystemWorksthroughExcitationandInhibition
Principle6:
TheNervousSystemFunctionsonMultipleLevels
Principle7:
BrainComponentsOperateBothParallellyandHierarchically
Principle8:
FunctionsintheBrainAreBothLocalizedinSpecificRegionsandDistributed
Principle9:
PatternsofNeuralOrganizationArePlastic
三、重点、难点提示和教学手段
(一)重点:
神经系统的功能原则及行为意义;精神卫生和脑的关系。
(二)难点:
神经系统的功能原则。
(三)教学手段:
多媒体教学,尽量运用图片和录像增加学生的感性认识。
双语教学,讲授法(结合提问、临床病例等进行启发式教学等)。
(四)教具:
多媒体电脑、多媒体投影仪、投影屏幕、多媒体课件、激光笔等
四、思考与练习
1.精神卫生专业的工作者为什么要研究大脑
2.脑的功能原则的行为意义
第二章神经信号传递
一、学习目的
通过本章的学习,理解神经细胞信息传递的电-化学转变过程,掌握神经细胞之间信息传递的步骤和涉及的结构,了解不同类型的神经细胞膜电位。
本章计划2学时。
二、课程内容
1.NerveCells
Ingeneral,neuronsarecomposedoffourmorphologicallyidentifiedregions:
(1)thecellbodyorsoma,whichcontainsthenucleusandcanbeconsideredthemetaboliccenteroftheneuron.
(2)Thedendrites,processesthatarisefromthecellbody,branchextensively,andserveasthemajorrecipientzonesofinputfromotherneurons.Onsomeneurons,theshaftsofthedendritesaresmooth.Onothers,theshaftsshownumerousshortspines.(3)theaxon,asingleprocessthatarisesfromaspecializedportionofthecellbody(theaxonhillock)andconveysinformationtootherneurons;and(4)theaxonterminals,finebranchesneartheendoftheaxonthatformcontacts(synapses)generallywiththedendritesorthecellbodiesofotherneurons,releaseneurotransmitters,andtherebyprovideamechanismforinterneuronalcommunication.
2.ElectricalPotentialsacrossNerveCellMembranes
Receptorpotentialsareduetotheactivationofsensoryneuronsbyexternalstimuli,suchaslight,sound,orheat.Neuronshaveameansofgeneratingaconstantvoltageacrosstheirmembraneswhenatrest.Thisvoltage,calledtherestingmembranepotential.Activationofthesynapsesgeneratessynapticpotentials,whichallowtransmissionofinformationfromoneneurontoanother.Theelectricalsignalsconductedalongaxons(ormusclefibers)bywhichinformationisconveyedfromoneplacetoanotherinthenervoussystemarecalledactionpotentials.
3.ChannelsandTransporters
3.1.IonChannels
Severalchannelcategoriesarerecognized.
⑴Passive(non-gated)channelsareopenatalltimes,permittingionstomoveacrossthemembrane.
⑵Voltage-gatedchannelscontainavoltage-sensitivestringofaminoacidsthatcausethechannelporetoopenorcloseinresponsetochangesinmembranevoltage.
⑶Transmitter-gatedchannelsaboundinpostsynapticmembranes.Someareactivateddirectlybytransmittermolecules,othersindirectly.
⑷Transductionchannelsareactivatedbyperipheralsensorystimulation.
3.2.ActiveTransporters
Severaltypesofactivetransporterhavenowbeenidentified.Althoughthespecificjobsofthesetransportersdiffer,allmusttranslocateionsagainsttheirelectrochemicalgradients.Movingionsuphillrequirestheconsumptionofenergy,andneuronaltransportersfallintotwoclassesbasedontheirenergysources.SometransportersacquireenergydirectlyfromthehydrolysisofATPandarecalledATPasepumps.ThesecondclassofactivetransporterdoesnotuseATPdirectly,butdependsinsteadontheelectrochemicalgradientsofotherionsasanenergysource.
3.3.FunctionalPropertiesoftheNa+/K+Pump
ThischanneliscapableofsimultaneouslyextrudingNa+andimportingK+.Threesodiumionsareexportedforeverytwopotassiumionsimported.Inbothcases,themovementisagainsttheexistingconcentrationgradient.TherequiredenergyforthisactivityisprovidedbytheATPaseenzymethatconvertsATPtoADP.ThegreatertheamountofNa+inthecytosol,thegreateristheactivityoftheenzyme.TheactivityoftheNa+-K+pumpisestimatedtoaccountfor20–40%ofthebrain’senergyconsumption,indicatingitsimportanceforbrainfunction.
4.SynapticTransmission
Thehumanbraincontainsatleast100billionneurons,eachwiththeabilitytoinfluencemanyothercells.Clearly,sophisticatedandhighlyefficientmechanismsareneededtoenablecommunicationamongthisastronomicalnumberofelements.Suchcommunicationismadepossiblebysynapses,thefunctionalcontactsbetweenneurons.Twodifferenttypesofsynapse—electricalandchemical—canbedistinguishedonthebasisoftheirmechanismoftransmission.
4.1.ElectricalSynapses
Electricalsynapsesarescarceinthemammaliannervoussystem.Thestructureofanelectricalsynapseconsistsofthepresynapticandthepostsynapticelement.Themembranesofthetwocommunicatingneuronscomeextremelycloseatthesynapseandareactuallylinkedtogetherbyanintercellularspecializationcalledagapjunction.Gapjunctionscontainpreciselyaligned,pairedchannelsinthemembraneofthepre-andpostsynapticneurons,suchthateachchannelpairformsapore.
4.2.ChemicalSynapses
Thetypicalchemicalsynapsecomprisesapresynapticmembrane,asynapticcleft,andapostsynapticmembrane.Thepresynapticmembranebelongstotheterminalbouton,thepostsynapticmembranetothetargetneuron.Theboutoncontainssynapticvesiclesloadedwithoneormoreneurotransmitters,togetherwithnumerousmitochondria.Neurotransmitterisreleasedfromtheboutonbyexocytosis,traversesthenarrowsynapticcleft,andactivatesreceptorsinthepostsynapticmembrane.Underlyingthepostsynapticmembraneisasubsynapticweb,inwhichnumerousbiochemicalchangesareinitiatedbyreceptoractivation.
4.3.SignalTransmissionatChemicalSyn
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