08级考试资料《跨文化交际》.docx
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08级考试资料《跨文化交际》.docx
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08级考试资料《跨文化交际》
跨文化交际课程期末考试复习资料
I.Giveabriefdefinitionsofthefollowingterms(名词解释)
1.Non-verbalcommunication
Itreferstocommunicationthroughawholevarietyofdifferenttypesfsignalcomeintoplay,includingthewaywemore,thegesturesweemploy,thepostureweadopt,thefacialexpressionwewear,thedirectionofourgaze,totheextenttowhichwetouchandthedistancewestandfromeachother.
2.privacy
privacy:
Itcouldbeunderstoodastherightofanindividualtoself-determinationastothedegreetowhichtheindividualiswillingtosharewithothersinformationabouthimselfthatmaybecompromisedbyunauthorizedexchangeofsuchinformationamongotherindividualsororganizations.
3.slang
Wordsandexpressionswhichareregardedasveryinformalandsoarenotconsideredsuitableforformalsocialsituationsorseriouswriting.
4.collectivistculture
Collectivistculturesplacelittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Theyhavebeenlabeledas“we”culturesbecausebasicunitisthein-grouporcollective.
5.cultureshock
cultureshock:
Itisapsychologicalphenomenonthatisexperiencedmostoftenbythosewho,whethervoluntarilyorinvoluntarily,intheprocessofadjustingthemselvestoanewculture.
6.proverb
Proverbsarethosepopularshortsayingscontainingwordsofadviceorwarning—areanimportantpartofthelanguageandcultureofasociety.
7.interculturalcommunication.
8.IndividualCulture
Individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoother.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandassertiveness,disclosureofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.
9.Culture
Culturemeans:
(a)Thearts,customs,andhabitsthatcharacterizeaparticularsocietyornation.
(b).Thebeliefs,values,behaviorandmaterialobjectsthatconstituteapeople'swayoflife.
10.Proxemics
Proxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:
(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspace
11.Norms
Normsrefertorulesforappropriatebehavior,whichprovidetheexpectationspeoplehaveofoneanotherandofothers.Normsaretheoutwardmanifestationsofbeliefsandvalues.
12.Individualism
Individualismreferstothedoctrinethattheinterestsoftheindividualareoroughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,right,anddutiesoriginateinindividuals.Itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.
13.Paralanguage
Thesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo,vocalpitch,andintonationalcontours,thatcanbeusedtocommunicateattitudesorothershadesofmeaning.
14.Low-contextculture
Culturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlow-context.
II.Answerthefollowingquestions(简答题)
1.Givesomebasicrulesofboysorgirlsinteraction
2.DescribethedifferentwaysinshowinghospitalitybetweenChinesecultureandwesternculture
Chineseguestsalwaysrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodtodemonstratepolitenessinseemingnottowishtoputtheirhosttoanytrouble.Sometimesanofferisnotarealofferbutapoliteremark.Afterwesay'no',weusuallywaitforthesecondandthirdoffer.Ifthehostjustbringsthefoodordrinkandignores'no',weillacceptit.Chineseliketopresstheirgueststodrinkoreattoshowtheirhospitality.Whilewesternersalwaysacceptorrefuseofferofdrinksorfoodverygenuinely.Theirrefusalisacceptedasgenuine.Westernersdon’ttopress.Topresspeopletohavefoodordrinkaftertheyhaverefusedisfrowneduponandcancauseembarrassments.
3.WhatarethedifferencesonreceivinggiftsbetweenChineseandwesterner?
IntheWest,itisregardedaspolitetoopengiftsassoonastheyaregiventoexpressappreciation.InChina,thesituationisquitethereverse.NormallyweChinesefeelthatifyouopenthegiftassoonasitisgiven,youmightembarrassthepersonwhogivesthegiftandyoumightbethoughtgreedy.Therefore,Chinesepeopletendtoopenthegiftsafterthevisitorshaveleft.
InChina,manypeoplesendgiftswithoutwrappingthem,andiftheywrapthem,theyusuallytellthereceiverwhatisinside,andthereceiverwillthankthesenderandputthegiftasidewithoutunwrappingthemsincetheyalreadyknowwhatisinside.Englishreceiversopenthegiftsinfrontofthesendersofthegifts.
4.Explaintheterm“interculturalcommunicationcompetence”anditsthreecomponents.
Theinterculturalcompetencereferstotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture.Interculturalcommunicativecompetenceinvolvescognitive,affectiveandoperationalaspects,whichareinseparableinreality.Theinterrelatednessofcognitive,affective,andoperationalcomponentsisveryimportantintheimprovementofthecommunicator’sinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.Therearealsothreeaspectsintermsofaffectivecomponents:
adaptationmotivation,Identityflexibilityandestheticco-orientation,Thecognitiveaspectsofinterculturalcommunicationcompetencearethementalcapacitiesofcomprehensionandabilitytounderstandthemeaningsofvariousverbalandnonverbalcodes.OperationalcomponentsarethatIndividuals’capacitytoexpresscognitiveandaffectiveexperiencesoutwardlyisshownthroughspecificbehaviors.
1.TheobstaclesofstudyingInterculturalcommunication
2.WhydomanyChinesepeopletendtoaskaboutage,martialstatus,andevensalarywhenfirstmeetingoneanother?
Tothem,theseareopenconversationaltopics.Knowingaperson’sagehelpsthemuseappropriatetermsofaddress.AndChinesepeoplepayalotofattentiontofamilylife,sonaturallytalkoffamilymembersfeaturesasacommontopic.Astosalary,sincethereisanationalsystemofsalaries,peopleusuallydon’tconsideritasecretandtheytalkaboutitopenly.
3.AnalyzetheculturalvariationsinselectingnegotiatorsinAmericaandJapan
4.Whatwouldyoudoifastrangerpronouncedyournameincorrectly?
5.Whatarethefivebasicthemesinindividualistculture?
1)Thereisatendencyforforeignerstotreatstrangersasequals,seeninthepolitenesswithwhichforeignerstreatout-groupmembersandtheirwillingnesstofollowpublicrulesandlawsthatguaranteetherightsofall.2)Thereisadesireforindependenceandseparateness,foundinforeigners'needsfortheirownprivacyandautonomyandinthefreedomtheygivetochildren.3)Thereisalackofinhibitiononthepartofforeignersintermsofexpressivebehaviors,seenintheirlackofconcernaboutdrawingattentiontothemselvesandtheirwillingnesstodisclosefeelingsandemotions.4)Thereisalackofunderstandingifthereciprocalbondsanddutiesthatregulatein-groupmembers,foundinforeigners'casualattitudestowardshospitality.5)Thereisalackofconcernatpublicdisplaysofphysicalorsexualintimacy.
6.AnalyzethecharacteristicsinMasculinecommunicationculture
7.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishKinTerms?
InChineseculture,peoplerefertopeoplestrictlyaccordingtothekinterms.Itiscompletelyunacceptabletorefertoone'sparentsbyusingthenames.Whenchildrenaddressrelatives,Chinesekintermstellwhethertheyareolderoryoungerthantheirfatherormother.Chinesekintermstellwhethertherelativesarefromthemother'orfather'ssideandwhetherone'sbrother,sisterorcousinisolderoryoungerthanhe/she.Chinesekintermsarealsotootherpeoplewhoarenotone'srelatives;kintermsarewidelyusedtoaddressknownorunknownpeople
WhileinEnglishculture,insomefamiliesinWesterncountries,somechildrenaddresstheirparentsdirectlybytheirfirstnames.InBritain,childrenareexpectedtoaddresstheparents'brotherandsisterswiththetitleofUncleorAuntplustheirnamesandsometimessimplyaddressthembyfirstnamewithoutatitle.Englishkintermsdon’ttellwhethertherelativesarefromthemother'orfather'sside,andtherearenotdistinctkintermsforelderbrotheroryoungerbrother.KintermsarenotasfrequentlyusedasinChinese.Inallkindsofsocialsituations,eitherformallyorinformally,peoplewon'tusekintermstoaddresseachotheriftheyarenotrelatives.
8.Statesixprinciplesforeffectivecross-gendercommunication.
9.WhatisthesignificanceofNonverbalCommunication?
Nonverbalbehaviorisasignificantareaofcommunicationstudyforatleastthree
reasons.
Nonverbalbehavioraccountsformuchofthemeaningwegetfromconversations.
Nonverbalbehaviorspontaneouslyreflectsthesubconsciousness.
Wecannotavoidcommunicatingthroughnonverbalsignals.
Besides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcan
beopentomanyinterpretations.
10.DescribetheU.S.culturalpatternswiththefivevalueorientationcategories.
PeopleintheUnitedStatesgenerallybelieveinasupremeGodoruniversalspiritandbelievethattheycancontrolnature.Theyhavealotoffaithinscienceandtechnologyandarematerialistic.Theygetasenseofidentityfromworkandgenerallyseparateworkfromplay.People,intheUnitedStatesareefficient,practical,andseeprogressandchangeasagoodthing.Theyplaceahighvalueontimeandhaveafuturetimeorientation,althoughtheyoftendivideitintoshort-termgoals.
PeopleintheUnitedStatesdonotagreeaboutwhetherhumansarenaturallygood,bad,oramixtureofboth.However,twobeliefsrelatedtohumannature—rationalityandmutability---arestillbelievedbymanyintheUnitedStates.Oneofthe
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