NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards美国空气质量标准.docx
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NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards美国空气质量标准.docx
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NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards美国空气质量标准
NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS)
TheCleanAirAct,whichwaslastamendedin1990,requiresEPAtosetNationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(40CFRpart50)forpollutantsconsideredharmfultopublichealthandtheenvironment.TheCleanAirActestablishedtwotypesofnationalairqualitystandards.Primarystandardssetlimitstoprotectpublichealth,includingthehealthof"sensitive"populationssuchasasthmatics,children,andtheelderly.Secondarystandardssetlimitstoprotectpublicwelfare,includingprotectionagainstdecreasedvisibility,damagetoanimals,crops,vegetation,andbuildings.
TheEPAOfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandards(OAQPS)hassetNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsforsixprincipalpollutants,whicharecalled"criteria"pollutants.Theyarelistedbelow.Unitsofmeasureforthestandardsarepartspermillion(ppm)byvolume,partsperbillion(ppb-1partin1,000,000,000)byvolume,milligramspercubicmeterofair(mg/m3),andmicrogramspercubicmeterofair(µg/m3).
NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards
PrimaryStandards
SecondaryStandards
Pollutant
Level
AveragingTime
Level
AveragingTime
Carbon
Monoxide
9ppm
(10mg/m3)
8-hour
(1)
None
35ppm
(40mg/m3)
1-hour
(1)
Lead
0.15µg/m3
(2)
Rolling3-MonthAverage
SameasPrimary
1.5µg/m3
QuarterlyAverage
SameasPrimary
Nitrogen
Dioxide
53ppb(3)
Annual
(ArithmeticAverage)
SameasPrimary
100ppb
1-hour(4)
None
Particulate
Matter(PM10)
150µg/m3
24-hour(5)
SameasPrimary
Particulate
Matter(PM2.5)
15.0µg/m3
Annual(6)
(ArithmeticAverage)
SameasPrimary
35µg/m3
24-hour(7)
SameasPrimary
Ozone
0.075ppm
(2008std)
8-hour(8)
SameasPrimary
0.08ppm
(1997std)
8-hour(9)
SameasPrimary
0.12ppm
1-hour(10)
SameasPrimary
Sulfur
0.03ppm
Annual
(ArithmeticAverage)
0.5ppm
3-hour
(1)
Dioxide
0.14ppm
24-hour
(1)
75ppb(11)
1-hour
None
(1)Nottobeexceededmorethanonceperyear.
(2)FinalrulesignedOctober15,2008.
(3)TheofficialleveloftheannualNO2standardis0.053ppm,equalto53ppb,whichisshownhereforthepurposeofclearercomparisontothe1-hourstandard
(4)Toattainthisstandard,the3-yearaverageofthe98thpercentileofthedailymaximum1-houraverageateachmonitorwithinanareamustnotexceed100ppb(effectiveJanuary22,2010).
(5)Nottobeexceededmorethanonceperyearonaverageover3years.
(6)Toattainthisstandard,the3-yearaverageoftheweightedannualmeanPM2.5concentrationsfromsingleormultiplecommunity-orientedmonitorsmustnotexceed15.0µg/m3.
(7)Toattainthisstandard,the3-yearaverageofthe98thpercentileof24-hourconcentrationsateachpopulation-orientedmonitorwithinanareamustnotexceed35µg/m3(effectiveDecember17,2006).
(8)Toattainthisstandard,the3-yearaverageofthefourth-highestdailymaximum8-houraverageozoneconcentrationsmeasuredateachmonitorwithinanareaovereachyearmustnotexceed0.075ppm. (effectiveMay27,2008)
(9)(a)Toattainthisstandard,the3-yearaverageofthefourth-highestdailymaximum8-houraverageozoneconcentrationsmeasuredateachmonitorwithinanareaovereachyearmustnotexceed0.08ppm.
(b)The1997standard—andtheimplementationrulesforthatstandard—willremaininplaceforimplementationpurposesasEPAundertakesrulemakingtoaddressthetransitionfromthe1997ozonestandardtothe2008ozonestandard.
(c)EPAisintheprocessofreconsideringthesestandards(setinMarch2008).
(10)(a)EPArevokedthe1-hourozonestandardinallareas,althoughsomeareashavecontinuingobligationsunderthatstandard("anti-backsliding").
(b)Thestandardisattainedwhentheexpectednumberofdayspercalendaryearwithmaximumhourlyaverageconcentrationsabove0.12ppmis<1.
(11)(a)FinalrulesignedJune2,2010.Toattainthisstandard,the3-yearaverageofthe99thpercentileofthedailymaximum1-houraverageateachmonitorwithinanareamustnotexceed75ppb.
NationalSecondaryDrinkingWaterRegulations
NationalSecondaryDrinkingWaterRegulations(NSDWRsorsecondarystandards)arenon-enforceableguidelinesregulatingcontaminantsthatmaycausecosmeticeffects(suchasskinortoothdiscoloration)oraestheticeffects(suchastaste,odor,orcolor)indrinkingwater.EPArecommendssecondarystandardstowatersystemsbutdoesnotrequiresystemstocomply.However,statesmaychoosetoadoptthemasenforceablestandards.
∙NationalSecondaryDrinkingWaterRegulations-ThecompleteregulationsregardingthesecontaminantsavailablefromtheCodeofFederalRegulationsWebSite.
∙Formoreinformation,readSecondaryDrinkingWaterRegulations:
GuidanceforNuisanceChemicals.
ListofNationalSecondaryDrinkingWaterRegulations
Contaminant
SecondaryStandard
Aluminum
0.05to0.2mg/L
Chloride
250mg/L
Color
15(colorunits)
Copper
1.0mg/L
Corrosivity
noncorrosive
Fluoride
2.0mg/L
FoamingAgents
0.5mg/L
Iron
0.3mg/L
Manganese
0.05mg/L
Odor
3thresholdodornumber
pH
6.5-8.5
Silver
0.10mg/L
Sulfate
250mg/L
TotalDissolvedSolids
500mg/L
Zinc
5mg/L
Microorganisms
Contaminant
MCLG1(mg/L)2
MCLorTT1(mg/L)2
PotentialHealthEffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbovetheMCL(unlessspecifiedasshort-term)
SourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater
Cryptosporidium
zero
TT3
Gastrointestinalillness(e.g.,diarrhea,vomiting,cramps)
Humanandanimalfecalwaste
Giardialamblia
zero
TT3
Gastrointestinalillness(e.g.,diarrhea,vomiting,cramps)
Humanandanimalfecalwaste
Heterotrophicplatecount
n/a
TT3
HPChasnohealtheffects;itisananalyticmethodusedtomeasurethevarietyofbacteriathatarecommoninwater.Thelowertheconcentrationofbacteriaindrinkingwater,thebettermaintainedthewatersystemis.
HPCmeasuresarangeofbacteriathatarenaturallypresentintheenvironment
Legionella
zero
TT3
Legionnaire'sDisease,atypeofpneumonia
Foundnaturallyinwater;multipliesinheatingsystems
TotalColiforms(includingfecalcoliformandE.Coli)
zero
5.0%4
Notahealththreatinitself;itisusedtoindicatewhetherotherpotentiallyharmfulbacteriamaybepresent5
Coliformsarenaturallypresentintheenvironment;aswellasfeces;fecalcoliformsandE.colionlycomefromhumanandanimalfecalwaste.
Turbidity
n/a
TT3
Turbidityisameasureofthecloudinessofwater.Itisusedtoindicatewaterqualityandfiltrationeffectiveness(e.g.,whetherdisease-causingorganismsarepresent).Higherturbiditylevelsareoftenassociatedwithhigherlevelsofdisease-causingmicroorganismssuchasviruses,parasitesandsomebacteria.Theseorganismscancausesymptomssuchasnausea,cramps,diarrhea,andassociatedheadaches.
Soilrunoff
Viruses(enteric)
zero
TT3
Gastrointestinalillness(e.g.,diarrhea,vomiting,cramps)
Humanandanimalfecalwaste
Topofpage
DisinfectionByproducts
Contaminant
MCLG1(mg/L)2
MCLorTT1(mg/L)2
PotentialHealthEffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbovetheMCL(unlessspecifiedasshort-term)
SourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater
Bromate
zero
0.010
Increasedriskofcancer
Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection
Chlorite
0.8
1.0
Anemia;infants&youngchildren:
nervoussystemeffects
Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection
Haloaceticacids(HAA5)
n/a6
0.0607
Increasedriskofcancer
Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection
TotalTrihalomethanes(TTHMs)
-->n/a6
-->0.0807
Liver,kidneyorcentralnervoussystemproblems;increasedriskofcancer
Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection
Topofpage
Disinfectants
Contaminant
MCLG1(mg/L)2
MCLorTT1(mg/L)2
PotentialHealthEffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbovetheMCL(unlessspecifiedasshort-term)
SourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater
Disinfectants
Contaminant
MCLG1(mg/L)2
MCLorTT1(mg/L)2
PotentialHealthEffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbovetheMCL(unlessspecifiedasshort-term)
SourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater
Chloramines(asCl2)
MRDLG=41
MRDL=4.01
Eye/noseirritation;stomachdiscomfort,anemia
Wateradditiveusedtocontrolmicrobes
Chlorine(asCl2)
MRDLG=41
MRDL=4.01
Eye/noseirritation;stomachdiscomfort
Wateradditiveusedtocontrolmicrobes
Chlorinedioxide(asClO2)
MRDLG=0.81
MRDL=0.81
Anemia;infants&youngchildren:
nervoussystemeffects
Wateradditiveusedtocontrolmicrobes
Topofpage
InorganicChemicals
Contaminant
MCLG1(mg/L)2
MCLorTT1(mg/L)2
PotentialHealthEffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbovetheMCL(unlessspecifiedasshort-term)
SourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater
Antimony
0.006
0.006
Increaseinbloodcholesterol;decreaseinbloodsugar
Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries;fireretardants;ceramics;electronics;solder
Arsenic
07
0.010asof01/23/06
Skindamageorproblemswithcirculatorysystems,andmayhaveincreasedriskofgettingcancer
Erosionofnaturaldeposits;runofffromorchards,runofffromglass&electronicsproductionwastes
Asbestos(fiber>10micrometers)
7millionfibersperliter
7MFL
Increasedriskofdevelopingbenignintestinalpolyps
Decayofasbestoscementinwatermains;erosionofnaturaldeposits
InorganicChemicals
Contaminant
MCLG1(mg/L)2
MCLorTT1(mg/L)2
PotentialHealthEffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbovetheMCL(unlessspecifiedasshort-term)
SourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater
Barium
2
2
Increaseinbloodpressure
Dischargeofdrillingwastes;dischargefrommetalrefineries;erosionofnaturaldeposits
Beryll
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