乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照.docx
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乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照.docx
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乡村旅游与可持续发展中英文对照
外文文献
RURALTOURISMANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
RuraltourismisasegmentofthetotaltouristindustrywhichisparticularlyimportantinHungary,inacountrywithnospectacularnaturalattractions,withoutseaside,highmountains,rainforestorherdsofexoticanimals.However,itsattractiveculturallandscapeswithsmallvillages,thermalsprings,riversandlakes,combinedwiththetraditionalhospitality,areabletoofferpleasantexperiencestothekindoftouristwhoislookingforrelaxationandrecreationinacalmsetting.
Ononehand,ruraltourismdevelopmentcanplayanimportantroleinthediversificationoftheHungariantouristsupplyandinthecreationofamorecomplexandcolourfulcountryimage.Ontheotherhand,ruraltourismisnotonlytheend,butthemeanstostimulateeconomicgrowth,toincreasetheviabilityofunderdevelopedregions,andtoimprovethelivingstandardsoflocalpopulations.
Ifruraltourismistofulfilalltheseroles,ithastobedevelopedinawaythatensuresthelong-termsustainabilityoftheresourcesandthatofthedevelopmentprogressitself.Butwhatisasustainablewayofdevelopmentinruraltourism?
Howcansustainabilitybemonitoredandpromotedinruraldestinations?
ThispaperattemptstoanswerthesequestionsbypresentingthecurrentsituationofHungarianruraltourismthroughindicatorsthatareconsideredtoberelevantforthistypeoftourism.
SUSTAINABLETOURISMDEVELOPMENT
TheconceptofsustainabledevelopmentwasintroducedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentintheBrundtlandReportin1987,definingsustainabledevelopmentas"developmentthatmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds".
Tourismisoneoftheforemosteconomicactivitiesaroundtheworld,havingtransportedmorethan617millionpeopleinternationallyandgenerated448billionUSDinreceiptsin1997(WTO,1998).Itisamajoreconomicforce,having
generatedin1996anestimated3,153.3billionUSDingrossoutput,creatingemploymentforapp.255millionpeople,producingapp.10.7percentofworldgrossdomesticproduct,investingapp.766billionUSDinnewfacilitiesandequipmentannually,andcontributingmorethanapp.653.3billionUSDtoglobaltaxrevenue(WTTC,1996).
Thevolumeandsignificanceoftourismclearlyshowsthatitisnotenoughtodevelopnewformsof"alternative"tourisminordertominimisethenegativeandmaximisethepositiveimpactsoftourismdevelopment.Thewholesectormustbedevelopedandmanagedinawaythatitdoesnotdamagethenaturalandsocio-culturalenvironmentandthisistheresponsibilityoftheworld-widetourismindustry.
ThoughtheBrundtlandreportmadenospecialreferencetotourism,sinceitspublication,theroleoftourismintheprocessofcontinuouslymisusingtheEarth'sresourceshasbeenanalysedandtheconceptofsustainabletourismappeared.
Sustainabletourismhasseveral-oftenseriouslydebated-definitions.AccordingtothedefinitionoftheFederationofNatureandNationalParks,sustainabletourismis"allformsoftourismdevelopment,managementandactivitythatmaintaintheenvironmental,socialandeconomicintegrityandwell-beingofnatural,builtandculturalresourcesinperpetuity"(FNNP,1993).ApublicationbytheTourismConcernandtheWorldWideFundforNaturedefinessustainabletourismastourismwhich"operateswithinnaturalcapacitiesfortheregenerationandfutureproductivityofnaturalresources;recognisesthecontributionthatpeopleandcommunities,customsandlifestyles,maketothetourismexperience;acceptsthatthesepeoplemusthaveanequitableshareintheeconomicbenefitsoftourism;andisguidedbythewishesoflocalpeopleandcommunitiesinthehostareas"(TourismConcern&WWF,1992).
Thoughtheexistingdefinitionsusuallydifferintheirfocusorlevelofelaborateness,themainmessageoftheBrundtlandReportseemstobemoreandmoreacceptedbythetourismindustryallovertheworld.However,thenotionofsustainabilityisaverycomplexoneandithasmanyramifications(Mowforth&Munt,1998).
Ecologicalsustainability,whichmeansthattourismdevelopmentdoesnot
causeirreversiblechangesinagivendestination'secosystem,isthemostcommonlyaccepteddimension,sincethereisanobviousneedallovertheworldtoprotectnaturalresourcesfromthenegativeimpactsoftourismactivities.Thegeneralgrowthofenvironment-awarenesshassignificantlycontributedtothistrend.Socialsustainabilityreferstotheabilityofacommunitytoabsorbtourism(boththeindustryandthetouriststhemselves)withoutthecreationofsocialdisharmony.Culturalsustainabilityinthecontextoftourismassumesthatagivencommunityisabletoretainoradapttheirowndistinctiveculturaltraitsagai
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- 乡村 旅游 可持续发展 中英文 对照