unit 8 teaching vocabulary 2.docx

unit 8 teaching vocabulary 2.docx

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unit8teachingvocabulary2

unit8teachingvocabulary2

I.VocabularyandvocabularybuildingReadthefollowingassumptionsaboutvocabularyinEnglishlearninganddecideifyouagreewiththemornot.

1.Avocabularyitemcanbemorethanoneword.√

2.Languagesconsistof“words”withequivalentsfromonelanguagetoanother.×3.Vocabularycannotbetaught.Itmustbelearnedbytheindividuals.√

4.Bothteachersandstudentsneedtoknowthatthereisadifferencebetweenactiveandpassivevocabulary.√

5.Thebestwaytoexplainvocabularyistotranslate.×6.English-Englishexplanationsarethebestforvocabularyteaching.×

7.AnEnglish-Englishdictionaryisanimportantaidforstudents.√8.Wordscanbetaughtandlearnedmosteffectivelyingroupsofwordswhicharerelatedtoeachotherinmeaning.√

8.Wordsmustbelearnedinlanguagecontexts.√9.Ifwedonotusewords,wewillforgetthem.√

passiveandactivevocabularyThepassivevocabularyisthesetofwordswhichthestudentsrecognizeandunderstandwhentheyoccurinacontext,butwhichthestudentscannotproducecorrectly.Theactivevocabularyisthesetofwordswhichthestudentsunderstand,canpronouncecorrectlyanduseconstructivelyinspeakingandwriting.

Whatdoesknowingawordinvolve?

PronunciationSpellingMeaningUsage

MeaningWordusemeaningincontextsenserelationmetaphorandidiomcollocationstyleandregisterpartsofspeechprefixesandsuffixesspellingandpronunciationnouns:

countableanduncountable,etcverbcomplementation,phrasalverbsadjectivesandadverbsWordinformationWordgrammar

Thecontentofvocabularyinstructionmeaning:

worduse:

wordinformationwordgrammar:

vocabularylearningstrategiesBylearningstrategies,itmeansvocabularymemorystrategies,learningstrategiesandapplicationstrategies.Itshouldconstituteanimportantpartofclassroominstruction.

从传统的词汇学角度来讲，词义包括概念意义和内涵意义。

所谓概念意义，也叫外延意义（denotativeMeaning）或认知意义（cognitiveMeaning），就是词汇的最基本意义，是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括，常视为词语在字典中的定义或释义。

Woman:

[+HUMAN],[-MALE],[+ADULT]

所谓内涵意义（connotativemeaning），是隐含于或附加在概念意义上的意义。

社会、群体或个人都可以使一个词具有内涵意义，有时还是很不相同的内涵意义。

这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。

Woman:

Dog:

英语中的goose有"愚蠢"的内涵意义，但汉语中的"鹅"却没有这种不好的内涵意义。

denotativeandconnotativemeaningIfawordhasareferencetoanobject,action,oreventinthephysicalworld,thiscanbedescribedasitsreferentialordenotative（外延的）meaning.

Connotativemeaning（内涵意义）（suggestionsinadditiontothefundamentalmeaning）referstotheattitudesandemotionsofalanguageusersinchoosingawordandtheinfluenceoftheseonthelistenerorreaders’interpretationoftheword.

PresentationPracticeproduction

Presentation1）Whattopresentmeaning,use,grammar,andotherkindsofinformation2）techniquestoapply

（1）techniquestopresentmeaning:

realia,mime,action,gesture,picture,contrast,enumeration,explanation,translation

（2）techniquestopresentpronunciation:

modeling,visualrepresentation,phoneticsymbols（3）use:

examples,explanation,context

II.PresentingnewwordsI.Somesuggestionsforteachers1）prepareexamplestoshowmeanings.2）Askstudentstotellthemeaningfirst

3）Thinkabouthowtoshowthemeaningofawordwithrelatedwordssuchassynonyms,antonymsetc.4）Thinkabouthowtocheckstudents’understanding.

5）Thinkaboutthecontextinreallifewheretheirwordsmightbeused.6）Thinkaboutpossiblemisunderstandingandconfusionthatmayhave.

II.Wordsarebesttaughtingroups.a.Synonyms.b.Antonyms.c.Complements.d.Converse.e.Hyponyms.

III.Herearemorewaystopresentandexplainvocabulary:

a.Drawpictures,diagramsandmapstoshowmeaningsorconnectionofmeanings.

b.Userealobjectstoshowmeanings.c.Mimeoracttoshowmeanings,e.g.brushingteeth,running,swimmingetc.

d.Usesynonymsorantonymstoexplainmeanings.e.Uselexicalsets,e.g.cook:

fry,boil,brake,grill;

f.Translateandexemplify,especiallywithtechnicalwordsorwordswithabstractmeaning.g.Usewordformationrulesandcommonaffixes.

III.Homeworksetting1.Lookattask2onpage73.Discussingroupswhichwayismoreeffective.2.Pleaselookatthetask3onpage74.Discusswhattechniquesorcombinationoftechniquesyouwouldusetopresentthefollowingvocabularyitems.Nextperiod,wewouldasksomestudentstogiveaminiteaching.

III.ConsolidatingVocabularyBelowaresomeactivitiesthatcanbedoneinclasstoconsolidatevocabulary.1.Labeling.2.Spottingthedifferences.3.Describinganddrawing.4.Playingagame.5.Usingwordthermometers.6.Usingwordseries.

7.Wordbingo.8.Wordassociation.9.Oddmanout.10.Usingwordcategories.11.Synonymsandantonyms12.Usingwordnet-work.

DevelopingVocabularybuildingstrategiesTeacherneedstohelpstudentsdeveloptheirownvocabularybuildingstrategiessothattheycaneffectivelyacquiremorevocabularyontheirown.

1.Reviewregularly.Evidenceshowsthatregularreviewhelpsstudentstomaintainlargestamountofrecall.2.Guessmeaningfromthecontext,especiallyusingsentencehintsforwordmeaning.a）Somesentencestellthedefinitionforadifficultwordbymeansofpunctuationorcertainhelpwords.Forexample,dashes（------）,parentheses（）,Brackets[],commas,wordslikethatis,meaning,suchas,oriscalled.Origima------Japanesepaperfolding---isfamilyfun.Maryfeltperturbed,thatis,greatlydisturbed,byhersister’saction.

b）Somesentencetellstheoppositeofwhatanewwordmeans.Fromitsoppositewecanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword.Afrugalpersonwouldneverspendmoneysofreely.Ifyouarefrugalyoudonotspendfreely,Frugalmustmean“tobecarefulaboutspendingmoney”.c）Usingyourownexperiencetofigureoutthedefinitionofaword.Feelingdepressed,Carlfrowned.Youknowfromyourexperiencethatafrownusuallymeans“unhappiness”.So“unhappy”shouldbeagoodguessforthemeaningofdepressed.

d）.Sentencebeforeorafterasentencecontainingadifficultwordsometimesexplainthemeaningoftheword.Maryhadabubblingpersonality.Herenthusiasm,herlivelyactions,herexcitementatnewideasalwaysattractedpeople.Ineverknewsuchanebullientwoman.Thesesentencehelpsyouputtogetheradefinitionofebullient----overflowingwithexcitement.e）Somesentencesarejustwrittentogivedefinitionofdifficultwords–wordsreadersneedtoknowinordertounderstandwhattheyarereading.Impedimentsareobjectsthatstandinthewayofsomegoal.

f）Becausesomesentencesgiveexamplesforanewword,youcanbuildadefinition.Selectanyoneofthoseperiodicals:

playboy,Readers’Digest,TimeMagazine.Thissentencedoesn’tsaythataperiodicalisamagazine,butyoucanfigurethatouteasilyfromtheexamples.g）Somesentencesuseawordyoudoknowtohelpexplainawordyoudon’tknow.Aformidableenemyisonetobefeared.Formidable---throughtheclueinthissentence–means“fearful”,or“dreadful”.

3.OrganizevocabularyeffectivelyIfinformationisorganizedandstoredinaspecialway,e.g.relatedinformationisstoredtogetherornewinformationisrelatedtopreviouslystoredinformation,itismorelikelytoberetainedandeasiertoretrieve.4.UselearnedvocabularyStudentsshouldbeencouragedtousedactivevocabularyitemsinreallanguageuse.Bytryingtousethewordsorexpressionscorrectlyandappropriately,studentscangetadeeperandbetterunderstandingofthemeaningandtheuseofthevocabulary.Successfulattemptsatwordusedefinitelyhelpvocabularyconsolidation.