当代研究生英语下册课文原文.docx
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当代研究生英语下册课文原文.docx
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当代研究生英语下册课文原文
UNIT1PASSAGESOFHUMANGROWTH(I)
1Aperson’slifeatanygiventimeincorporatesbothexternalandinternalaspects.Theexternalsystemiscomposedofourmembershipsintheculture:
ourjob,socialclass,familyandsocialroles,howwepresentourselvestoandparticipateintheworld.Theinteriorrealmconcernsthemeaningsthisparticipationhasforeachofus.Inwhatwaysareourvalues,goals,andaspirationsbeinginvigoratedorviolatedbyourpresentlifesystem?
Howmanypartsofourpersonalitycanweliveout,andwhatpartsarewesuppressing?
Howdowefeelaboutourwayoflivingintheworldatanygiventime?
2Theinnerrealmiswherethecrucialshiftsinbedrockbegintothrowapersonoffbalance,signalingthenecessitytochangeandmoveontoanewfootinginthenextstageofdevelopment.Thesecrucialshiftsoccurthroughoutlife,yetpeopleconsistentlyrefusetorecognizethattheypossessaninternallifesystem.Askanyonewhoseemsdown,“Whyareyoufeelinglow?
”Mostwilldisplacetheinnermessageontoamarkerevent:
“I’vebeendownsincewemoved,sinceIchangedjobs,sincemywifewentbacktograduateschoolandturnedintoadamnsocialworkerinsackcloth,”andsoon.Probablylessthantenpercentwouldsay:
“Thereissomeunknowndisturbancewithinme,andeventhoughit’spainful,IfeelIhavetostaywithitandrideitout.”Evenfewerpeoplewouldbeabletoexplainthattheturbulencetheyfeelmayhavenoexternalcause.Andyetitmaynotresolveitselfforseveralyears.
3Duringeachofthesepassages,howwefeelaboutourwayoflivingwillundergosubtlechangesinfourareasofperception.Oneistheinteriorsenseofselfinrelationtoothers.Asecondistheproportionofsafenesstodangerwefeelinourlives.Athirdisourperceptionoftime—dowehaveplentyofit,orarewebeginningtofeelthattimeisrunningout?
Last,therewillbesomeshiftatthegutlevelinoursenseofalivenessorstagnation.Thesearethehazysensationsthatcomposethebackgroundtoneoflivingandshapethedecisionsonwhichwetakeaction.
4Theworkofadultlifeisnoteasy.Asinchildhood,eachsteppresentsnotonlynewtasksofdevelopmentbutrequiresalettinggoofthetechniquesthatworkedbefore.Witheachpassagesomemagicmustbegivenup,somecherishedillusionofsafetyandcomfortablyfamiliarsenseofselfmustbecastoff,toallowforthegreaterexpansionofourowndistinctiveness.
PullingUpRoots
5Before18,themottoisloudandclear:
“Ihavetogetawayfrommyparents.”Butthewordsareseldomconnectedtoaction.Generallystillsafelypartofourfamilies,evenifawayatschool,wefeelourautonomytobesubjecttoerosionfrommomenttomoment.
6After18,webeginPullingUpRootsinearnest.College,militaryservice,andshort-termtravelsareallcustomaryvehiclesoursocietyprovidesforthefirstroundtripsbetweenfamilyandabaseofone’sown.Intheattempttoseparateourviewoftheworldfromourfamily’sview,despitevigorousprotestationstothecontrary—“IknowexactlywhatIwant!
”—wecastaboutforanybeliefswecancallourown.Andintheprocessoftestingthosebeliefsweareoftendrawntofads,preferablythosemostmysteriousandinaccessibletoourparents.
7Whatevertentativemembershipswetryoutintheworld,thefearhauntsusthatwearereallykidswhocannottakecareofourselves.Wecoverthatfearwithactsofdefianceandmimickedconfidence.Foralliestoreplaceourparents,weturntoourcontemporaries.Theybecomeconspirators.Solongastheirperspectivemesheswithourown,theyareabletosubstituteforthesanctuaryofthefamily.Butthatdoesn’tlastverylong.Andtheinstanttheydivergefromtheshakyidealsof“ourgroup”,theyareseenasbetrayers.Reboundstothefamilyarecommonbetweentheagesof18and22.
8Thetasksofthispassagearetolocateourselvesinapeergrouprole,asexrole,ananticipatedoccupation,anideologyorworldview.Asaresult,wegathertheimpetustoleavehomephysicallyandtheidentitytobeginleavinghomeemotionally.
9Evenasonepartofusseekstobeanindividual,anotherpartlongstorestorethesafetyandcomfortofmergingwithanother.Thusoneofthemostpopularmythsofthispassageis:
WecanpiggybackourdevelopmentbyattachingtoaStrongerOne.Butpeoplewhomarryduringthistimeoftenprolongfinancialandemotionaltiestothefamilyandrelativesthatimpedethemfrombecomingself-sufficient.
10AstormypassagethroughthePullingUpRootsyearswillprobablyfacilitatethenormalprogressionoftheadultlifecycle.Ifonedoesn’thaveanidentitycrisisatthispoint,itwilleruptduringalatertransition,whenthepenaltiesmaybehardertobear.
TheTryingTwenties
11TheTryingTwentiesconfrontuswiththequestionofhowtotakeholdintheadultworld.Ourfocusshiftsfromtheinteriorturmoilsoflateadolescence—“WhoamI?
”“Whatistruth?
”—andwebecomealmosttotallypreoccupiedwithworkingouttheexternals.“HowdoIputmyaspirationsintoeffect?
”“Whatisthebestwaytostart?
”“WheredoIgo?
”“Whocanhelpme?
”“Howdidyoudoit?
”
12Inthisperiod,whichislongerandmorestablecomparedwiththepassagethatleadstoit,thetasksareasenormousastheyareexhilarating:
ToshapeaDream,thatvisionofourselveswhichwillgenerateenergy,aliveness,andhope.Toprepareforalifework.Tofindamentorifpossible.Andtoformthecapacityforintimacy,withoutlosingintheprocesswhateverconsistencyofselfwehavethusfarmustered.Thefirstteststructuremustbeerectedaroundthelifewechoosetotry.
13Doingwhatwe“should”isthemostpervasivethemeofthetwenties.The“shoulds”arelargelydefinedbyfamilymodels,thepressoftheculture,ortheprejudicesofourpeers.Iftheprevailingculturalinstructionsarethatoneshouldgetmarriedandsettledownbehindone’sowndoor,anuclearfamilyisborn.
14Oneoftheterrifyingaspectsofthetwentiesistheinnerconvictionthatthechoiceswemakeareirrevocable.Itislargelyafalsefear.Changeisquitepossible,andsomealterationofouroriginalchoicesisprobablyinevitable.
15Twoimpulses,asalways,areatwork.Oneistobuildafirm,safestructureforthefuturebymakingstrongcommitments,to“beset”.Yetpeoplewhoslipintoaready-madeformwithoutmuchself-examinationarelikelytofindthemselveslockedin.
16Theotherurgeistoexploreandexperiment,keepinganystructuretentativeandthereforeeasilyreversible.Takentotheextreme,thesearepeoplewhoskipfromonetrialjobandonelimitedpersonalencountertoanother,spendingtheirtwentiesinthetransientstate.
17Althoughthechoicesofourtwentiesarenotirrevocable,theydosetinmotionaLifePattern.Someofusfollowthelocked-inpattern,othersthetransientpattern,thewunderkindpattern,thecaregiverpattern,andthereareanumberofothers.Suchpatternsstronglyinfluencetheparticularquestionsraisedforeachpersonduringeachpassagethroughthelife.
18Buoyedbypowerfulillusionsandbeliefinthepowerofthewill,wecommonlyinsistinourtwentiesthatwhatwehavechosentodoistheonetruecourseinlife.Ourbacksgoupatthemeresthintthatwearelikeourparents,thattwodecadesofparentaltrainingmightbereflectedinourcurrentactionsandattitudes.
19“Notme,”isthemotto,“I’mdifferent.”
UNIT2AIDSINTHETHIRDWORLDAGLOBALDISASTER
1InrichcountriesAIDSisnolongeradeathsentence.ExpensivedrugskeepHIV-positivepatientsaliveandhealthy,perhapsindefinitely.Loudpublic-awarenesscampaignskeepthenumberofinfectedAmericans,JapaneseandWestEuropeanstorelativelylowlevels.Thesenseofcrisisispast.
2Indevelopingcountries,bycontrast,thediseaseisspreadinglikenervegasinagentlebreeze.Thepoorcannotaffordtospend$10,000ayearonwonderpills.MillionsofAfricansaredying.Inthelongerterm,evengreaternumbersofAsiansareatrisk.Formanypoorcountries,thereisnogreaterormoreimmediatethreattopublichealthandeconomicgrowth.Yetfewpoliticalleaderstreatitasapriority.
3SinceHIVwasfirstidentifiedinthe1970s,over47millionpeoplehavebeeninfected,ofwhom14millionhavedied.Lastyearsawthebiggestannualdeathtollyet:
2.5million.Thediseasenowranksfourthamongtheworld’sbigkillers,afterrespiratoryinfections,diarrheadisordersandtuberculosis.Itnowclaimsmanymoreliveseachyearthanmalaria,agrowingmenace,andisstillnowherenearitspeak.IfIndiaandotherAsiancountriesdonottakeitseriously,thenumberofinfectionscouldreach“aneworderofmagnitude”,saysPeterPiot,headoftheUN’sAIDSprogramme.
4Thehumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),whichcausesacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(AIDS),isthoughttohavecrossedfromchimpanzeestohumansinthelate1940sorearly1950sinCongo.IttookseveralyearsforthevirustobreakoutofCongo’sdenseandsparselypopulatedjunglesbut,onceitdid,itmarchedwithrebelarmiesthroughthecontinent’snumerouswarzones,rodewithtruckersfromonerest-stopbrotheltothenext,andeventuallyflew,perhapswithanairsteward,toAmerica,whereitwasdiscoveredintheearly1980s.AsAmericanhomosexualsanddruginfectorsstartedtowakeuptothedangersofbath-housesandneedle-sharing,AIDSwasalreadydevastatingAfrica.
5Sofar,theworst-hitareasareeastandsouthernAfrica.InBotswana,Namibia,SwazilandandZimbabwe,betweenafifthandaquarterofpeopleaged15-49areafflictedwithHIVorAIDS.InBotswana,childrenbornearlyinthenextdecadewillhavealifeexpectancyof40;withoutAID
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