twprpaper comments Turkstra 12 April 1.docx
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twprpaper comments Turkstra 12 April 1.docx
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twprpapercommentsTurkstra12April1
TheChangingUrbanFabricofChineseCities,Wuhan1955-2000
JianquanCheng,JanTurkstra,YinghuiXiao
UrbanPlanningandManagementDivision
InternationalInstituteforGeo-informationScienceandEarthObservation(ITC)
www.itc.nl
TheNetherlands
Abstract
ThetransferfromaplannedtoamarketeconomyischallengingChineseurbanplanningandrequiresachangeofplanningmethodsandtechniquesfromblue-printtoprocessorientedandstrategicplanning.Thesechangescreateaneedtounderstandthecomplicatedpatternandprocessofurbandevelopmentunderchangingsocio-economicconditions.
Therapidadvancesinremotesensingandgeo-informationscienceandtechniquesmakelandusestudiesmorefeasiblethanbefore.ThecityofWuhanhaveexpandedenormouslyoverthelastfivedecades.ItsharedpartiallycommonprocesseswithotherChinesecitiesbuthaditsspecificfeatures.
ThisarticledescribesthespatialprocessesofurbandevelopmentofWuhanbetween1955and2000,usingaerialphotographsandsatelliteimagesastheprimarydatasources.Theurbandevelopmentprocessisseparatedintourbanexpansionandredevelopment.
Thedescriptiveanalysisresultsintwomodelsgeneralizingthespatialandtemporallandusepatternsdetected.Thechangefromacommunisttoasocialistmarketsystemmakesthatthegovernmentisnotanylongerthesinglestakeholderandother(private)sectorsareinvolvedininvestmentdecisionsthatareaffectingurbandevelopment.Thepaperendsupwithsomedirectionsforfurtherurbanresearch.
Keywords:
UrbanFabric,Wuhan,RemoteSensing
1.Introduction
LandallocationinChinesecitiesduringthefirstperiod(1949-1978)ofthePeople’sRepublicofChinawascharacterizedbyfreeandinfiniteuseofland,whichhasresultedinanineffectiveandunder-utilizedland–usestructureofthecities.ForexamplelargeamountsofindustriallandusewerelocatedininnercitiespartlystillvisibleinmanyChinesecitiestoday.
The‘danwei’(workunit)system,inwhichtheemployerisresponsibleforhousing,educationandhealthcare,makesthatlandusesarehighlymixed.Residentialareassurroundindustrialcomplexes,whileuniversitiesarecampuses,whichincludedstaffandstudentaccommodationandfacilities.
TheallocationoflandaccordingtomarketprinciplesmakesthatChineseurbanplannersnotonlyhavetodealwithrapidurbanexpansionbutalsowithredevelopmentofinner-cityareas.Forexamplebetween1991and1998some100.000householdshavebeenrelocatedinthecitycentreofWuhantogivespaceformajorinfrastructureprojectsandlandleasearrangementsmainlyforcommercialreal-estatedevelopments.
Thepoliciesoflaborallocation(controllingplaceofresidenceandavoidingmigrationtheso-called‘invisiblewalls’(Chan,1994)),lowconsumptionlevel(emphasisonheavyindustry,littlelightindustry(consumergoods)andlittletertiaryemployment)makestheurbanizationpatternofChinastrikinglydifferentfromWesterncountriesandalsoothersocialistandThirdWorldcountries.Thelevelofurbanization(table1)wasverylowinrelationtoitslevelofindustrializationuntil1978.WhilemanyThirdWorldcountriescanbecharacterizedbyurbanizationwithoutindustrialization.Chinawasinareversedsituation:
industrializationwithouturbanization(Turkstraetal,1995).
CurrentforecastsindicatethattheChinesepopulationwillpeakin2030andafterwardsstaystableorreduceinsize.Table1indicatesthaturbanisationisarecentphenomenoninChinaandwhiletheruralpopulationdeclinestheurbanpopulationwillincreasewithsome20millionpeopleperyearinthecomingtwodecades.ThisenormousgrowthwithadditionalredevelopmentofthecitiesisaformidablechallengeforurbanplannersinChina.ThisarticlepresentsananalysisofthechangesintheurbanfabricofWuhanoverthelastfivedecadeswith5sections.Followingtheintroduction,section2introducesWuhancityanditshistoryofurbandevelopment.Section3focusesonmonitoringandanalysingoftemporalurbandevelopmentofWuhanbasedonremotesensedimageryandusingageographicinformationsystem(GIS)andleadstomodelsonurbangrowthandurbanredevelopment.Section4shiftstothesocialeconomicprocessesbehindthephysicalandfunctionalchanges,andespeciallythemajoractorsandtheirchangingrolesinurbandevelopmentprocess.Inthelastsectionsuggestionsaremadeforfutureurbanresearch.
Table1.PopulationandUrbanizationofChina
Year
TotalPop.
Urbanization(%)
UrbanPop.
RuralPop.
1943
456
27
124
332
1949
542
11
58
484
1962
673
17
117
556
1970
830
17
144
686
1983
1,030
22
223
807
1990
1,143
26
302
841
1993
1,185
28
334
851
1999
1,200
33
400
800
2010
1,350
45
600
750
2020
1,500
55
800
700
2030
1,600
65
1,000
60
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