Reduction of aromaticompound with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of iron oxide hydroxide catalyst.docx
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Reduction of aromaticompound with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of iron oxide hydroxide catalyst.docx
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Reductionofaromaticompoundwithhydrazinehydrateinthepresenceofironoxidehydroxidecatalyst
Reductionofaromaticnitrocompoundswithhydrazinehydrateinthepresenceofanironoxidehydroxidecatalyst.I.Thereductionofmonosubstitutednitrobenzeneswithhydrazinehydrateinthepresenceofferrihydrite
MaxLauwiner,PaulRys*,JoÈrgWissmann
ChemicalEngineeringandIndustrialChemistryLaboratory,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology,ETHZentrum,CH-8092Zurich,Switzerland
Received30December1997;receivedinrevisedform26March1998;accepted27March1998
Abstract
Agreatvarietyofmonosubstitutednitrobenzenederivativeshasbeenreducedingoodyieldtothecorrespondinganilineswithhydrazinehydrateinthepresenceofanironoxidehydroxidecatalystpreparedbyprecipitationfromanaqueousiron(III)solutionwithsodiumhydroxide.Thedependenceoftherateofreductiononthenatureandthepositionofadditionalsubstituentsotherthanthenitrogroupwasdeterminedbymeasuringthereactionkinetics.Therateisenhancedbyelectron-attractingsubstituentsanddecreasedbyelectron-donatinggroups,whichresultsinapositiveslopeofσ=0.546fortheHammettplot.Competitivereductionexperimentswithmixturesoftwodifferentlysubstitutednitrobenzenederivativesrevealedthatthenitrocompoundwiththemoreelectron-attractingsubstituentisreducedfirst.#1998ElsevierScienceB.V.Allrightsreserved.
Keywords:
Reduction;nitroarenes;Hydrazinehydrate;Ironoxideferrihydrite;H-transfercatalysis
1.Introduction
Aromaticaminesareimportantstartingmaterialsandintermediatesforthemanufactureofagreatvarietyofchemicals,suchasdyestuffs,pharmaceu-ticalproducts,agriculturalchemicals,photographicchemicals,additives,surfactants,textileauxiliaries,chelatingagentsandpolymers.Theyaregenerallysynthesizedbythereductionofnitroarenes.
Aromaticaminescanbepreparedbyagreatvarietyofreductionmethods.Probablytheoldestindustriallyappliedmethodisthereductionofnitrobenzeneswithmetal(usuallyiron,butalsotin,zincandaluminiumcanbeemployed)andwaterinthepresenceofsmallamountsofacid,firstdescribedbyBechampin1854[1].Itwouldcertainlyhavebeenreplacedmuchearlierbyanalternativereductionmethod,ifithadnotbeenpossibletoobtainironoxidepigmentsasaby-productofthereductionstep.Thereactionswithmetalsandacidarethemostvigorousreductionmethodsprodu-cingmerelytheaminoproducts.Therefore,ifthearomaticmoietycontainsadditionalsubstituentspronetobeingreduced(ase.g.cyano,azoorfurthernitrogroups),thisdrasticreductionmethodwillpro-duceasignificantamountofby-products.Inthosecases,thereductioncanbecarriedoutselectivelybyemployingsulphides(Zinin-reduction[2]).Thisselec-tivesulphidereductionismoreexpensivethanthereductionbyironandacid,butisneverthelesswidelyappliedfortheselectivereductionofnitrofunctionsinazoandanthraquinonedyes.TheZinin-method[2]hasaseveredrawback,however,becauseinindustryitisaccompaniedbytheproduc-tionofalargeamountofwasteproductsthathavetobedisposedinanecologicallyunfavourableway.More-over,atlowpHvalues,theevolvingofH2Sgasmightendangertheoperatingpersonnel.Theseproblemswithprocesssecurityandmorerigorousenvironmen-tallegislationinthehandlingofuselesswasteproductsrequiredthedevelopmentofasafe,econom-icallyandecologicallybeneficialalternativetothesenon-catalyticreductionmethodsstillemployedinindustry.
Nowadays,mostlarge-scalearomaticaminesarebeingproducedbycatalytichydrogenationofthecorrespondingnitroarenes.Withalargevarietyofcatalysts(e.g.Ni,Cu,Co,Cr,Fe,Sn,Ag,Pt,Pd,Zn,Ti,Mo,metaloxidesandsulphides),inmostcasesthecorrespondingamineisobtainedquantitativelywith-outtheproductionofwasteproducts.Becauseoftheexothermicnatureofthereactionandtheneedforaclosedhigh-pressuresystem,numeroussafetyprecau-tionshavetobetaken.
Thereductionofaromaticnitrocompoundswithhydrazineorhydrazinehydraterepresentsaspecialvariationofthecatalyticreduction,wherehydrazineisthesourceofthehydrogen.ThehydrogencanbegeneratedbyavarietyofH-transfercatalysts[3±5].Especiallywiththeuseofnoblemetalcatalysts,suchasPd,PtorRu,butalsowiththeapplicationofNiorCu,thecatalytichydrazinereductiongiveshighyieldscomparabletoorbetterthanthecatalytichydrogena-tion.Inthepast,therelativelyhighcostsforhydrazinehydrateandforthenoblemetalcatalystsprevented
thisreductionmethodfrombeingappliedatanindus-trialscale.However,therearetwomainreasonswhicharecurrentlyenhancingtheattractivityofthiscatalyticH-transferreduction:
(a)Ithasbeenobservedrepeat-edlythatseveralcheapiron(III)compounds,espe-ciallyaseriesofironoxideorhydroxidemodifications,exhibitanappreciableactivitywithregardtocatalyticH-transfer[6±8],thebestresultsbeingobtainedwithβ-FeO(OH)[7,9]inmethanolorethanol[8];(b)Incaseswherethecatalytichydro-genationisnotthemethodofchoice,thismethodoffersasafeaswellasanecologicallyandeconomic-allybeneficialalternative,aboveallforsmallproductvolumesinfinechemicalmanufacture,wherethereactioncanbecarriedoutinmulti-usebatchesundernormalpressure.
Fig.1.Reductionofnitroareneswithhydrazinehydrateandanironoxidehydroxidecatalyst.
ThispromptedustoinvestigatetheH-transferactivityofthesecheapandeasilysynthesizableironoxidehydroxidecatalysts[10]byexaminingtheinfiuenceofadditionalsubstituentsontherateofthereduction[11]anddeterminingtheselectivity[12]ofthecatalyticreductionforaselectionofmonosubstitutednitrobenzenes(Fig.1).
Thecatalystwaspreparedbyprecipitationofanironoxidehydroxidefromanaqueousiron(III)chlor-idesolutionwithsodiumhydroxide.Itshowedamuchhigheractivitythanthe_-FeO(OH)usedbyMiyataetal.[7]andAyyangaretal.[8].Thismostactiveironoxidehydroxidemodificationwasfound[10]tobetheferrihydriteFe5HO8Á4H2O[9].
2.Experimental
2.1.Preparation,characterizationandhandlingofthecatalyst
Theironoxidehydroxidemodificationwaspreci-pitatedfromanaqueoussolutionof32giron(III)chloridedissolvedin4lofdistilledwater.300mlof2MsodiumhydroxidewereaddeddropwisetoadjustthepHto7±8.Thetemperatureofthereddish-brownmixturewasraisedslowlyto608Cin2handkeptatthislevelfor12handapHvalueoflessthan8.
Aftercentrifugationanddryingthecatalystwasredis-persedandmilledtoafinepowder.TheironoxidehydroxidecatalystwascharacterizedbyBenzandPrins.Theyalsoexaminedthein¯uenceofitssurfacestructureontheH-transferactivity[10].
Halfanhourbeforethereactionusedtobestarted,thecatalystwasactivatedbyaddingsomedropsofdistilledwatertodevelopitsfullcatalyticactivityinorganicsolvents.Afterthereactionthecatalystcanbefilteredoff,andiswashedandreusedforfurtherreductions.Attemperaturesabove708Cthecatalystchangesitscolourfromreddish-browntoblack.Thiscolourchangeisaccompaniedbyalmostacompletelossofactivity.Thechangesinsurfacestructureandthelossofactivityathighertemperatureswereinves-tigatedbyMoÈssbauerspectroscopy[10].Obviously
thecatalyticallyactiveferrihydriteistransformedintoathermodynamicallymorestablemodi®cationwithalowersurfaceandaweakerH-transferactivity.
2.2.Generalprocedureforthereductionsatpreparativescale
Asolutionof10mmolofthenitrocompoundin100mlethanolorwaterisheatedtoreactiontempera-ture.Duringthisheatingthereactionsolutionispurgedwithanitrogenstream.ThecatalystisweighedandactivatedasdescribedinSection2.1.andaddedtothereactionmixture.Thereactionisstartedbyaddingastoichiometricamount(15mmol)ofhydrazinehydrateandmonitoredbythinlayerchromatographyandGC-MS.Afterallstartingmaterialhasdis-appeared,thecatalystisfilteredoff.Theamineisisolatedbyevaporatingthesolvent,purifiedby
recrys-tallization,destillationorsublimationandcharacter-izedbyGC-MS,NMR(1H,13Cand19F)andelementarymicroanalyses.
2.3.Kineticmeasurements
Allexperimentswerecarriedoutina100mlther-mostattedglassvesselwithacoolingjacket.Thereactionsolutionwasstirredvigorouslywithamag-neticstirrerat1000rpm.ThekineticmeasurementsforthedeterminationofHammett's'&-relationshipwereruninethanolat558Candwithatenfoldexcessofhydrazinehydrate.Theconcentrationswere0.1Mofsubstitutednitrobenzeneswith0.1gcatalystper100mlethanol.Underthesereactionconditionsnodiffusioneffectscouldbeobserved[11].
Afteradditionofthecatalysttothereactionsolu-tion,thereactionswerestartedbyaddinghydrazinehydrate.Fortheevaluationofthereductionkineticssamplesfromthereactionmixtureweredrawnatdifferenttimes.After®lteringoffthecatalystbyamicro®lterwithaporediameterof0.2mm,thecom-positionofthereactionmixtureswasmonitoredbyUV-VISspectroscopyorgaschromatography.Theconcentrationsofthenitrobenzenesandthecorre-spondinganilinesweredeterminedbymeasuringtheabsorbanceofthe®ltratebetween270and350nm.Themolarextinctioncoef®cientsofthenitroandaminocompoundsweredeterminedwithpurereferencecompounds.
Thekineticmeasurementsforthecompetitiveexperimentswerecarriedoutunderthesamereactionconditionsexceptthattheconcentrationsofthenitro-benzeneswere0.05Mforeachsubstitutednitro-benzene.Onlyforthe
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