英国垃圾管理的防御和减量战略.docx
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英国垃圾管理的防御和减量战略.docx
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英国垃圾管理的防御和减量战略
Assignment1
Criticallyanalysetheroleofwasteminimisation/preventionwithinanEUMSWasteStrategy,andusingexamples,criticallyevaluatetheeconomicviabilityofwasteminimisation/preventionwithincommercial/industrialandmunicipalwastemanagement.
Module:
ENVM009
Tutor:
PaulPhillips
By:
JinxinWang
Date:
13/12/2012
TheTableofContents
1.0Introduction2
1.1WastearisingsinEngland3
1.2Wastestrategy2007forEngland6
1.3Wastepolicyreview20117
1.4Scotlandwasteplan8
1.5Nationalwasteplan20139
2.0Whatiswasteprevention&minimisation?
10
3.0C&IWasteManagement12
3.1WhatisCommercial&IndustrialWaste?
12
3.2Casestudy13
3.3Recommendation17
4.0LACWManagement18
4.1WhatistheLocalAuthorityCollectWaste?
18
4.2Casestudy18
4.3Recommendation20
5.0Conclusion21
6.0References22
Figure12
Figure23
Figure34
Figure44
Figure55
Figure66
Figure77
Figure810
Figure912
Figure1013
Figure1114
Figure1215
Figure1315
Figure1416
Figure1517
Box18
Box211
Box311
Box413
Box519
Box619
Box720
Table19
Table218
1.0Introduction
Thewayswedealwithwastearechanginggoingfromlandfilltowasteprevention/minimisation.Wastegeneratinganddisposingresultsinalossofpreciousnaturalresources.Italsoputspressureontheenvironment(Defra,2007).TheWasteStrategy2000(EnglandandWales)acknowledgedthatwasteminimisationhadamajorroletoplayinintroducingsustainablewastemanagement(Phillips,etal,2002).TheEuropeanCommissionalsogavethemostefficientoption:
wasteprevention,whichcancontributeto:
∙reductionofenvironmentalimpacts
∙resourceefficiencythroughenergysavingsandreducedmaterialuse
∙reductionsintheproductionofhazardouswaste
(EuropeanCommission,2012)
Figure1showstheextentofwasteprevention,whichincludestherawmaterialconsumption,productsdesign,greenpurchasingandefficientwastemanagement.Wastepreventionnotonlybenefitseconomy,butalsolowersbadeffecttoenvironment.
Figure1:
ScopeofWastePrevention(EuropeanCommission,2012)
ThisassignmentwillfirstlyexplorethearisingsofwasteinEnglandandsecondly,thewastepreventionstrategymentionedinWasteStrategyforEngland2007.Andthenexplanationsofwastepreventionandminimisationwillbefollowed.Lastly,theeconomicviabilityfocusonsavingmadebywastepreventionandminimisationactivitiesforbothLACWandC&Iwastemanagementwillbecriticallyevaluated.
1.1WastearisingsinEngland
WasteisdefinedintheWasteFrameworkDirectiveasanobjecttheholderdiscards,intendstodiscardorisrequiredtodiscard(OfficialJournal,2008).Figure2demonstrateshowrawmaterialsmayfinallybecomewasteastransformedbycompaniesandconsumers.
Figure2:
IllustrationofEUlegaldefinitionofwaste
(EuropeanCommission,2012)
TheamountofLocalAuthorityCollectedWaste(LACW)ManagementinEnglanddecreasedto25.6mtin2011/12from29.6mtin2004/05(SeeFigure3).In2011/12,41.8%ofhouseholdwastewasrecycled,upfrom40.2%inthepreviousyear(SeeFigure4).EnglandperformsverywellinwastemanagementasfollowscloselytheEuropeanhouseholdrecyclingtarget50%by2020(Defra,2012b),andtheEuropeanCommissionpraisedfortheeffortsofEnglandbetween2002and2009forthis(WasteManagementWorld,2011).
Figure3LocalAuthorityCollectedWasteManagementinEngland2004/05to2011/12(Thousandtonnes)(Defra,2012c)
Figure4LocalAuthorityCollectedWasteManagementinEngland2000/01to2011/12(percentages)(Defra,2012c)
Between2004and2008,totalUKwasteproductionhasdecreasedby11.3percent.TheIndustrialandCommercialsectorhasseenthebiggestpercentagechangewitha17.3percentdrop.Figure5showsthechangesexplicitlyofdifferentwastesectorscontainconstruction,miningandquarrying,commercialandindustrial,householdsandotherwastes.(Defra,2012a)TheC&Iwastecontributes67.3mtandhouseholdsources31.5mtin2008.Theyrepresentestimatedat23.3%and10.9%separatelyofthetotalwastevolume.
∙IntheUK,in2008,totalwastegenerationwasestimatedat288.6milliontonnes(mt).Thisisadecreaseof6.0percentfrom2006(307.1mt)and11.3percentfrom2004(325.3mt).
∙In2008,thelargestcontributingsectorwasconstruction(101.0mt),followedbyminingandquarrying(86.0mt),commercialandindustrial(67.3mt),householdsources(31.5mt)andtheremaininggenerationcombined(2.7mt).
∙Ofthesectorsgeneratingmorethan25mtayear,thecommercialandindustrialsectorsawthebiggestpercentagechangeingenerationbetween2004and2008withareductionof17.3percent.
Figure5:
Totalwastegeneration(*1,000tonnes)bysector,UK,2004-2008(Defra,2012a)
1.2Wastestrategy2007forEngland
Figure6diagrammatizesthestrategy’sobjectives,actionfordifferentpartsofsociety,thepolicyapproach,andindicatorsandtargets.Wastepreventionwasrecognisedforresourcesefficiency(andhencereducingwastearisings)andreductionofenvironmentalimpacts(Defra,2007).
Figure6:
Theobjectives,action,policyapproach,indicatorsandtargets.(Defra,2007)
AsFigure7showstheWasteHierarchygivestopprioritytowasteprevention,followedbypreparingforre-use,thenrecycling,othertypesofrecovery(includingenergyrecovery),andlastofalldisposal(e.g.landfill)(Defra,2007)
Defrasay,“Thedividendsofapplyingthewastehierarchywillnotjustbeenvironmental.Italsocanreducetheuseofnaturalresourcesforsavingmoney,andcansavethecostsandimpactsofwastetreatmentanddisposal.”(Defra,2007)
Figure7:
TheWasteHierarchy.Source:
Defra,2011a.
1.3Wastepolicyreview2011
“Wasteaffectsusall.Weallcreatewaste,wecareifourdomesticrefuseservicedoesnotworkwell,andwenoticewhenflytippingorlitteraffectsourlocalenvironment”describedbytheministerialforewordofGovernmentWastePolicyReview2011.ThedocumentofWastePolicyReview2011containsactionandcommitment,forgovernmentandotherkeyactorsdevotetoazerowasteeconomy.TheseactionsformtheimplementationplanforwastepoliciesinthisWasteReviewandfortherestofthisParliament(Defra,2011a).
Intheprincipalcommitments,prioritisemanagewastewiththewastehierarchywaspointedfirstlyaspartofamoresustainableapproachtotheuseofmaterials.Afterthat,theExecutiveSummarydescribedthat:
“theWasteHierarchyisbothaguidetosustainablewastemanagementandalegalrequirement;TheGovernmentwilldevelopacomprehensiveWastePreventionProgrammetodrivewastereductionandre-useaspartofabroaderresourceefficiencyprogramme”(Defra,2011a).
SomepracticalthemesforwastemanagementcoveredinthisdocumentareshowninBox1:
BOX1
ThemesinGovernmentWastePolicyReview2011
(Defra,2011a)
1.4Scotlandwasteplan
Scotland’sZeroWastePlansetsouttheScottishGovernment’svisionforazerowastesociety,onewhereallkindsofwastearedealtwith,regardlessofwheretheycamefrom.EveryonehastheirroletoplayandtheplangivesstepsandpoliciestomakesureScotlandbenefitsfromZeroWastePlanbothfortheeconomyandforenvironment(ScottishGovernment,2010).“Wemustcarryoncleaningupouract,preventingandreducingwaste.Wehavetorecognisethateverythingweuseandthrowawayisavaluableresource.ThatiswhataZeroWasteScotlandmeans-notacountrywhereweneverthrowanythingaway,butanewapproachtomakingthemosteffectiveuseofallresources,andavoidingwastingresourcesormakingthemunusablewhereverwecan.ThisZeroWastePlanaimstobringastepchangeforScotland”asRichardLochhead,theCabinetSecretarysaidintheMinisterialForewordofMinisterialForeword(ScottishGovernment,2010)(WRAP,2012a).
Thewastehierarchyisprincipalforthezerowastevisionaswell.Itpositionsthedifferentwaystodealwithwasteintermsofsustainability.Table1tellshowtoachievethewastehierarchyguidedintheScottishGovernment’svision.
Table1
Howtoachievethewastehierarchyguide
Howwillthisbeachieved?
∙AwastepreventionprogrammewillbedevelopedforallwastetoensurethatpreventionandreuseofresourcesisatthecentreofallwastepolicyinScotland.
∙Improvedinformationondifferentwastesourcesandtypeswillhighlightfurtheropportunities.
∙TheScottishGovernmentwillintroducelandfillbansforcertainmaterialstoencouragetheirpreventionandreuse.
(ScottishGovernment,2010)
1.5NationalWastePlan2013
TherevisedWasteFrameworkDirectiverequiresMemberStatestocreatenationalwastepreventionprogrammesbyDecember2013(Date,2012).TheUK’sWasteStrategy2007enhancedincentivesforhouseholds,businessesandlocalauthoritiestoreducewaste,andsettingtargetstoreducehouseholdwastegenerationby29%by2010and45%by2020from2000levels(AsFigure6shows).ThewastepreventionprogrammewillguidetheprocessofwastemanagementinEngland.
2.0Whatiswasteprevention&minimisation?
Wastepreventionmeansreducingtheamountofwastegenerated,reducingthehazardouscontentofthatwasteandreducingitsimpactontheenvironment.
Figure8Illustrationofdescriptionofwasteprevention(EuropeanCommission,2012)
Wastepreventionincludesstrictavoidanceofwastegeneration,qualitativeandquantitativereductionatsource,andreuseofproducts.Itdoesnotincluderecyclingofmaterialsandseparatewastecollection(Pre-waste,2012).WasteminimisationiscoveringthestagesfrommanufacturingtorecyclingofwastesasFigure8shows.
∙Waste
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- 英国 垃圾 管理 防御 战略