职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案051630.docx
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职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案051630.docx
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职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案051630
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0516-30
1、WeavingwithLight
IntheSierraMadremountainrangeofwestcentralMexico,thenativeHuicholpeoplelivemuchthewaytheirancestorsdid-withoutelectricity.That'sbecauseit'stooexpensivetostringpowerlinestotheremotemountainareaswheretheylive.Tohelpsupportthemselves,theHuicholcreatebeautifulartwork.Theyselltheirartincitieshundredsofmilesawayfromtheirvillages.Andwithoutelectricity,athomeorontheroad,theycanonlyworkduringdaylighthours.Whenitgetsdark,theymuststopwhateverthey'redoing.
Now,ateamofscientists,designersandarchitectsisusingnewtechnologiestoprovidetheHuicholwithlightafterthesunsets.Thescientiststechniqueinvolvesweavingtinyelectroniccrystalsintofabricsthatcanbemadeintoclothes,bags,orotheritems.
Bycollectingthesun'senergyduringtheday,theselightweightfabricsprovidebrightwhitelightatnight.Theirinventorshavenamedthefabrics"PortableLights,"PortableLightshavethepotentialtotransformthelivesofpeoplewithoutelectricityaroundtheworld,saysprojectleaderSheilaKennedy.
"Ourinvention,"Kennedysays,"camefromseeinghowwecouldtransformtechnologywesaweverydayintheUnitedStatesandmoveitintonewmarketsforpeoplewhodidn'thavealotofmoney."
AtthecoreofPortableLighttechnologyaredevicescalledhigh-brightnesslight-emittingdiodes,orHBLEDs.Thesetinylightsappearindigitalclocks,televisionsandstreetlights.
LEDsarecompletelydifferentfromthelightbulbs.Mostofthoseglassbulbsbelongtoatypecalledincandescentlights.Inside,electricityheatsametalcoiltoabout2,200degreesCelsius.Atthattemperature,bulbsgiveofflightwecansee.
Ninetypercentofenergyproducedbyincandescentlights,however,isheatandinvisible.Withallthatwastedenergy,bulbsburnoutquickly.Theyarealsoeasilybroken.
LEDs,ontheotherhand,areliketinypiecesofrockmadeupofmoleculesthatarearrangedinacrystalstructure.WhenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughanLED,thecrystalstructureproduceslight.Unlikeincandescentbulbs,theycanproducelightofvariouscolors.WithinanLED,thetypeofmoleculesandtheirparticulararrangementdetermineswhatcolorisproduced.
ThecentralpartofthePortableLightstechnologyis______.【单选题】
A.glassbulbs
B.digitalclocks
C.incandescentlights
D.HBLEDs
正确答案:
D
答案解析:
本题有一定难度,关键在吃透句意,答案依据比较明显,带着题干信息词回文章定位,答案依据主要在文章第五段第一句:
AtthecoreofPortableLighttechnologyaredevicescalledhigh-brightnesslight-emittingdiodesorHBLEDs。
其中core和题干里的centralpart是同义词,回来看选项,D项和原文句意相符,答案是D。
2、LightNight,DarkStars
Thousandsofpeoplearoundtheglobestepoutsidetogazeattheirnightsky.Onaclearnight,withnoclouds,moonlight,orartificiallightstoblocktheview,peoplecanseemorethan14,000starsinthesky,saysDennisWard,anastronomer(天文学家)withtheUniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearch(UCAR)inBoulder,Colo.Butwhenpeoplearesurroundedbycitylights,hesays,they'reluckytosee150stars.
Ifyou'veeverdriventowardabigcityatnightandseenitsglowfromagreatdistance,you'vewitnessedlightpollution.Itoccurswhenlightfromstreetlights,officebuildings,signs,andothersourcesstreamsintospaceandilluminates(照亮)thenightsky.Thishaze(朦胧)oflightmakesmanystarsinvisibletopeopleonEarth.Evenatnight,bigcitieslikeNewYorkglowfromlightpollution,makingstargazingdifficult.
Dustandparticlesofpollutionfactoriesandindustriesworsentheeffectsoflightpollution."Ifonecityhasalotmorelightpollutionthananother,"Wardsays,"thatcitywillsuffertheeffectsoflightpollutiononamuchgreaterscale."
Hazyskiesalsomakeitfarmoredifficultforastronomerstodotheirjobs.
Citiesaregettinglarger.Suburbsaregrowinginoncedark,ruralareas.Lightfromallthisnewdevelopmentisincreasinglyobscuring(使变模糊)thefaint(微弱的)lightgiveoffbydistantstars.Andifscientistscan'tlocatetheseobjects,theycan'tlearnmoreaboutthem.
Lightpollutiondoesn'tonlyaffectstarvisibility.Itcanharmwildlifetoo.It'sclearthatartificiallightcanattractanimals,makingthemgooffcourse.There'sincreasingevidence,forexample,thatmigrating(迁徙)birdsusesunsetsandsunrisestohelpfindtheirway,saysSydneyGauthreauxJr.,ascientistatClemsonUniversityinSouthCarolina,"Whenlightoccursatnight,"hesays,"ithasaverydisruptive(破坏性的)influence."Sometimesbirdsflyintolightedtowers,high-rises,andcablesfromradioandtelevisiontowers.Expertsestimatethatmillionsofbirdsdiethiswayeveryyear.
Lightpollutionoccurswhen______.【单选题】
A.artificiallightsilluminatethenightsky
B.themoonlightsupthenightsky
C.toomanystarsarevisibleinthenightsky
D.streetlightsareturnedoff
正确答案:
A
答案解析:
本题难度不大,答案依据比较明显,在文章第二段第二句,谈到当来自街灯等人工灯光射入天空时,就会发生光污染,回来看选项,A项符合原文句意,是答案。
3、LightNight,DarkStars
Thousandsofpeoplearoundtheglobestepoutsidetogazeattheirnightsky.Onaclearnight,withnoclouds,moonlight,orartificiallightstoblocktheview,peoplecanseemorethan14,000starsinthesky,saysDennisWard,anastronomer(天文学家)withtheUniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearch(UCAR)inBoulder,Colo.Butwhenpeoplearesurroundedbycitylights,hesays,they'reluckytosee150stars.
Ifyou'veeverdriventowardabigcityatnightandseenitsglowfromagreatdistance,you'vewitnessedlightpollution.Itoccurswhenlightfromstreetlights,officebuildings,signs,andothersourcesstreamsintospaceandilluminates(照亮)thenightsky.Thishaze(朦胧)oflightmakesmanystarsinvisibletopeopleonEarth.Evenatnight,bigcitieslikeNewYorkglowfromlightpollution,makingstargazingdifficult.
Dustandparticlesofpollutionfactoriesandindustriesworsentheeffectsoflightpollution."Ifonecityhasalotmorelightpollutionthananother,"Wardsays,"thatcitywillsuffertheeffectsoflightpollutiononamuchgreaterscale."
Hazyskiesalsomakeitfarmoredifficultforastronomerstodotheirjobs.
Citiesaregettinglarger.Suburbsaregrowinginoncedark,ruralareas.Lightfromallthisnewdevelopmentisincreasinglyobscuring(使变模糊)thefaint(微弱的)lightgiveoffbydistantstars.Andifscientistscan'tlocatetheseobjects,theycan'tlearnmoreaboutthem.
Lightpollutiondoesn'tonlyaffectstarvisibility.Itcanharmwildlifetoo.It'sclearthatartificiallightcanattractanimals,makingthemgooffcourse.There'sincreasingevidence,forexample,thatmigrating(迁徙)birdsusesunsetsandsunrisestohelpfindtheirway,saysSydneyGauthreauxJr.,ascientistatClemsonUniversityinSouthCarolina,"Whenlightoccursatnight,"hesays,"ithasaverydisruptive(破坏性的)influence."Sometimesbirdsflyintolightedtowers,high-rises,andcablesfromradioandtelevisiontowers.Expertsestimatethatmillionsofbirdsdiethiswayeveryyear.
Onaclearnight,peoplecansee______.【单选题】
A.150stars
B.hundredsofstars
C.onethousandstars
D.morethan14,000stars
正确答案:
D
答案解析:
本题难度不大,答案依据比较明显,在文章第一段第二句,这句话主要谈到,在晴朗的夜晚人们能看到14,000多颗星星,回来看选项,D项符合原文句意,是答案。
4、Practicallyallanimalscommunicateeitherthroughsoundsorthroughsoundlesscodes.【单选题】
A.Certainly
B.Probably
C.Almost
D.Absolutely
正确答案:
C
答案解析:
差不多所有动物都能或通过声音或通过无声的方式进行交流。
本题有一定难度,虽然选项都是常用副词,但干扰项干扰较大。
practically和almost都有“几乎,差不多”的意思,是近义阋。
A项指“肯定地”,B项指“可能”,D项指“绝对地”,最佳答案是C。
5、Water
Thesecondmostimportantconstituent(构成成份)ofthebiosphere(生物圈)isliquidwater.Thiscanonlyexistinaverynarrowrangeoftemperatures,sincewaterfreezesat0℃andboilsat100℃.Lifeasweknowitwouldonlybepossibleonthesurfaceofaplanetwhichhadtemperaturessomewherewithinthisnarrowrange.
Theearth'ssupplyofwaterprobablyremainsfairlyconstantinquantity.Thetotalquantityofwaterisnotknownveryaccurately,butitisaboutenoughtocoverthesurfaceoftheglobetoadepthofabouttwoandthree-quarterkilometers.Mostofitisintheformofthesaltwateroftheoceansabout97percent.Therestisfresh,butthree-quartersofthisisintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains,andcannotbeusedbylivingsystemsuntilmelted.Oftheremainingfraction,whichissomewhatlessthanonepercentofthewhole,thereis10-20timesasmuchstoredundergroundwaterasthereisactuallyonthesurface.Thereisalsoatiny,butextremelyimportantfractionofthewatersupplywhichispresentaswatervapourintheatmosphere.
Watervapourintheatmosphereisthechannelthroughwhichthewholewatercirculation(循环)ofthebiospherehastopass.Waterevaporated(蒸发)fromthesurfaceoftheoceans,fromlakesandriversandfrommoist(潮湿的)earthisaddedtoit.Fromitthewatercomesoutagainasrainorsnow,fallingoneithertheseaortheland.Thereis,asmightbeexpected,amoreintensiveevaporationperunitareaovertheseaandoceansthanovertheland,butthereismorerainfalloverthelandthanovertheoceansandthebalanceisrestoredbytherunofffromthelandintheformofrivers.
MostofthefleshwateronEarth______.【单选题】
A.isstoredunderground
B.isintheformoficeatthePolesandonmountains
C.isfoundinriversandlakes
D.comesfromtherain
正确答案:
B
答案解析:
本题有一定难度,需要认真读懂文章句意,答案依据比较明显,在文章第二段第四句,谈到剩下1/3的淡水以冰的形式存在在南北两极和高山上,回来看选项,B项是其近义解释,所以正确,答案是B。
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