论红字的孤独因素.docx
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论红字的孤独因素.docx
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论红字的孤独因素
论《红字》中的孤独因素
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中国论文下载中心[08-10-2809:
25:
00]作者:
佚名编辑:
studa0714
Abstract
NathanialHawthorneisanextremelyrenownedAmericanwriteroffiction.Henotonlyhascreatedquietafewclassicnovels,butalsohaswrittenquantitiesofthought-provokingshortstories.Untilnow,HawthorneandhisworkshavebeenthefocusofdiscussionfromtheChineseandforeignscholars.ThethemeofTheScarletLetterischaracterizedbymultiplicityandvariousconclusionsaredraminthefiledofthethematicstudies.Itseemsthatscholarshaveshownmajorconcernwithsuchdiathesisastheoriginalsin,themoralconsciousnessofHawthorne,religiousbelief,individualandsociety,thoughtsoffemaledoctrineandtheconflictbetweentheheadandtheheart.However,veryfewscholarshaveeverdoneathoroughresearchintothelonelinessdiathesisofthenovel.Thesedetailedanalysesfourcharacters’lonelinessandexpresstheaspectsoflonelinessinTheScarletLetter.
KeyWords
TheScarletLetter;loneliness;symbol
摘 要
纳撒尼尔.霍桑是美国非常著名的小说家。
他不仅创造了若干部经典的长篇小说,而且还书写了数量可观且耐人寻味的短篇小说.至今为止,霍桑和他的作品一直是中外学者讨论的对象。
《红字》是霍桑的代表作品,它的主题具有多样性的特点,因此在主题研究领域存在各种不同的结论。
大部分学者偏重于探讨小说中的原罪意识、霍桑的道德观念、宗教信仰和女性主义思想、个人与社会的关系以及大脑和心灵之间的冲突等因素,而对小说中孤独因素的深入研究并不多见。
本文分析小说中的四位主人公各自的孤独感,表达霍桑在小说《红字》中体现的孤独因素。
关键词
《红字》;孤独;象征
Introduction
TheScarletLetterwasdeclaredaclassicalmostimmediatelyafteritspublicationin1850,andithasstayedinprintandinfavoreversince,ithasbeenhailedbothasthefirstsymbolicnovelandasthefirstpsychologicalnovel.ButwhatreallysecurestheplaceofTheScarletLetterintheliteraryhistoryisitstreatmentofhumannature,sin,guilt,andpride-alltimeless,universalthemes-fromauniquelyAmericanpointofview.Therearemanydifferentcommentsandcriticismandonthewriter’sfamilybackground,thenovelmultiplethemesandwritingstyles,thenovel’ssocialandhistoricalbackdropstogetherwiththenovel’ssignificanceinsocietyandliterature.Thisarticlehasdoneathoroughresearchintotheaspectsoflonelinessinthenovel.Thethesisistoelaboratefourcharacters’loneliness:
Hester,Chillingworth,DimmesdaleandlittlePearl.Theyarehavingdifferentloneliness.Hesterisalonelypursuerforlove;Chilingworthisalonelyrevenge-seeker;Dimmesdaleisalonelybeggarforgod’sgrace;Pearlisalonelychildaskingforrecognition.TherearemanysymbolicrepresentationsinTheScarletLetter.Suchasnames,appearancesofthecharacters,somespecialeventsandactions,thesecansymbolizeloneliness.
I.ABriefInformationaboutHawthorneandTheScarletLetter.
A.ABriefIntroductionaboutHawthorne
HawthornewasbornonthefourthofJuly,1804inSalem,Massachusetts.Someofhisancestorswerebigshotsinseventeenth-centuryNewEngland,whichwasunderthecontrolofPuritanism.Oneofthemwasacolonialmagistrate;notoriousforhisparticipationinthepersecutionofQuakers,andanotherwasajudgeattheSalemWitchcraftTrailin1692.Gradually,thefamilyfortunedeclined.Hawthorne’sfatherwasaseacaptain,whodiedinanaccidentandlefthismotherandhimbehindtostruggletoliveforthemselves.NathanielHawthorneisanextremelyrenownedAmericanwriteroffiction.HermanMelvilleevenhailshimasthe“AmericanShakespeare”.HeisthefirstAmericanwritertodefinehisworksasromance;hisromanticwritingisalandmarkoftheromanticperiodinAmericanliterature.Besides,Hawthorneisoneoftheforefathersofsymbols.
Hawthorne’sworksmainlyincludefourromances:
TheScarletLetter,TheHouseofTheSevenGables,TheBlithedaleRomance,andTheMarbleFaun,Threehortstoriescollections:
Twice-ToldTales,MossfromanOldManse,andTheSnow-ImageandOtherTwice-ToldTales,andtwomythcollection:
AWonder-BookforGirlsandBoysandTanglewoodTalesforGirlsandBoys.
B.ABriefContentsaboutTheScarletLetter
ThestoryofTheScarletLetterisatriangularloveaffairsetintheSeventeenth-CenturyBoston,thenapuritansettlement.AnagingEnglishscholarsendshisbeautifulyoungwife,HesterPrynnebyname,tomaketheirnewhomeinNewEngland.Butforunknownreasons,thehusbandhasnotjoinedherinthecolony.Theconsensusisthathehasbeenlostatsea.Whilewaitingforherhusband,HesterlovedwithArthurDimmesdale,herpuritanminister,andhasgivenbirthtoachild,pearl.TheloveaffairbetweenHesterandDimmesdaleresultsinadultery.Hesterconfessesbutrefusestorevealthenameofthechild’sfather.Asapunishment,sheissentencedtothreehoursonthescaffoldandalifetimeofwearingascarletletter“A”onherchest,themarkofhershame.Whentheelderlyhusbandcomesovertwoyearslater,heisbewilderedtoseehiswifeinpillory,wearingthescarletletter“A”onherbreast,holdingherillicitchildinherarms.Thewrongedhusband,whosepridehasbeendeeplywounded,isdeterminedtoseekouttheadultererandvowsrevengeonthemanwhohascuckoldedhim.TheoldscholarthedisguiseshimselfasaphysicianandchangeshisnametoRogerChillingworth.Gradually,hediscoversthatthevillainisnootherthanthemuch-admiredbrilliantyoungclergyman,ArthurDimmesdale.Thoughweigheddownbythesecretknowledgeofhisandhypocrisy,Dimmesdaleisfearfuloftheconsequencesofconfession,whichwouldbemoreseverefortheminister.Hedealswithhisguiltbytormentinghimselfphysicallyandpsychologically,developingaseriousheartconditionasaresult.Inthemeanwhile,hisconscienceisruthlesslypreyeduponbyChillingworth.Dimmesdalecutshimselfofffromcommunitywithersspirituallyaswellasphysically.
Ontheotherhand,Hester’sresponsetothescarletletter“A”andhersinisapositiveone.Thoughlivingonthefringeofthecommunityandsufferingsocialostracism,sheneverthelessbearsherpunishmentcourageously,expiateshersinbyperforminggooddeedssothatthecommunitygraduallychangesitsattitudeandsomeofherpeersevenshowtheirtrustandadmirationforherhonestyandskillfulness.AtonetimeHesterplanstoleaveAmericaandfleetoEurope,wherethetrueloverscanlivewithPearlasafamily.Thedaybeforetheshipistosail,Dimmesdalepreacheshismosteloquentsermonforthetownspeople.Afterwardsheimpulsivelymountsthescaffoldwithhisloveranddaughterandconfesseshissinandhypocrisyatpublicgathering.Hefallsdead,aspearlkisseshim.
Frustratedinhisrevenge,Chillingworthdiedayearlater.ButintheverywitheringhemakeshislastwillandtestamentandbequeathsaveryconsiderableamountofpropertytolittlePearl,thedaughterofHesterPrynnebyDimmesdale.Asheiresstohisfortune,PearlgrowsuptobemarriedintoanoblefamilyofEurope.
Ⅱ.CausestheAspectsofLonelinessinTheScarletLetter
A.Hawthorne’sLonelinessinHisPersonalLife
Hawthorne’sfather,whoisawellknownshipcaptaindiedatseaandlefthiswife.Thenhiswifeattheageoftwenty-eight,withchildrenaged6and4andaninfantofafewmonth.Shewithdrewentirelyfromsociety,andpermittedthehabitofsolitudetogrowuptosuchadegreethatsheactuallyremittedastricthermittotheendoflonglife.Hawthornehimselfthoughthatsuchanunhealthyandseparatedfamilyatmosphereprovidedamorbidconsciousnessthatparalyzedhispowers.WhenHawthorneafterleavingtheBowdonCollege,hereturnedtohisuncle’soldhouseinSalem.Hedevotedhimselftoreadingandwritingwithlesscontactwiththefamilymembersaswellasoutsideworld.OneofhisclosefriendsJonathanCilleywrote:
IloveHawthorne.Iadmirehim,butIdonotknowhim.Helivesinamysteriousworldofthoughandimaginationwhileheneverpermitsmetoenter(Rubinstein,1988:
82).
FromhisfamilyandhisfriendsprovidedcluestoHawthorne’slifewerefeelingsofgloomandalienation.
B.SocialandCulturalBackdropsofthenovel
ThestoryinTheScarletLetterwashappenedinBostoninthe1600’s.Atthattime,thepuritanswereprosecutedinEnglandbecausetheyrefusedtoabidebytherulesoftheChurchofEngland,andthentheylefttheirhomeandcametoAmericanaspermanentsettlers.Theywereforcedtosettleinanewlandfarfromhomeland.ThePilgrimFatherssufferedterriblehardshipsduringthefirstwinterandhalfofthemdied.Inordertosurvive,theyhadtofightagainstthenaturaldisastersandendurelonelinessinthenewworld.
Ⅲ.Fourcharacters’LonelinessinTheScarletLetter
A.HesterPrynne’sLonelyPursuerforLove
HesterPrynneisthemaincharacterinthenovel;shewasanhonestyandgoddesswoman.
Hesterspentherhappychildhoodtimeswithherparents,later;shegrewuptobeabeautifulyoungladywithanextremelypassionatenature.Shemarriedwithahandicappedscientist–Chillingworth.Chillingworthregardedhimselfas‘amanofthought,thebookwormofgreatlibraries-amanalreadyindecay,havethebestyearstofeedthehungerdreamofknowledge’(Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:
29).Incontrast,Hesterwasinherbuddingyouth,andhad‘afigureofperfecteleganceonalargescale.Shehaddarkandabundanthair…andafacewhich,besidesbeingbeautifulfromregularityoffeatureandrichnessofcomplexion,hadtheimpressivenessbelongingtoamarkedbrowanddeepblackeyes’(Nathaniel,Hawthorne.1996:
56).Shehadanimpulsiveandpassionatenature,whereasthehusbanddevotedhimselfwhollytoseekingtheso-calledtruthinbooks.ChillingworthdidnothaveaneyeforHester’syouthandbeauty.Fortheyoungandbeautifulwife,passionandtrueloveshouldbethebasicprincipleandpurposeofaholymarriage.Theoldandlonelyhusbandwasphysicallydeformed.Tomakethematterworse,thehusbandindulgedhimselfinalchemyandinmedicalresearch,totally
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