英语四六级仔细阅读训练四文化教育与科研和问题讨论五篇阅读及解析.docx
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英语四六级仔细阅读训练四文化教育与科研和问题讨论五篇阅读及解析.docx
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英语四六级仔细阅读训练四文化教育与科研和问题讨论五篇阅读及解析
PassageOne
Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Itisdifficulttoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutmemory.Themeaningsofthousandsofeverydayperceptions,thebasisforthedecisionswemake,andtherootsofourhabitsandskillsaretobefoundinourpastexperiences,whicharebroughtintothepresentbymemory.
Memorycanbedefinedasthecapacitytokeepinformationavailableforlateruse.Itincludesnotonly“remembering”thingslikearithmeticorhistoricalfacts,butalsoinvolvesanychangeinthewayananimaltypicallybehaves.Memoryisinvolvedwhenaratgivesupeatinggrainbecausehehassniffed(嗅出)somethingsuspiciousinthegrainpile.
Memoryexistsnotonlyinhumansandanimalsbutalsoinsomephysicalobjectsandmachines.Computers,forexample,containdevicesforstoringdataforlateruse.Itisinterestingtocomparethememorystoragecapacityofacomputerwiththatofahumanbeing.Theinstantaccessmemoryofalargecomputermayholdupto100,000“words"—stringofalphabeticornumericalcharacters—readyforinstantuse.AnaverageU.S.teenagerprobablyrecognizesthemeaningofabout100,000wordsofEnglish.However,thisisbutafractionofthetotalamountofinformationthattheteenagerhasstored.Consider,forexample,thenumberoffacesandplacesthattheteenagercanrecognizeonsight.
Theuseofwordsisthebasisoftheadvancedproblem-solvingintelligenceofhumanbeings.Alargepartofaperson'smemoryisintermsofwordsandcombinationsofwords.Butwhilelanguagegreatlyexpandsthenumberandkindofthingsapersoncanremember,italsorequiresahugememorycapacity.Itmaywellbethiscapacitythatdistinguisheshumans,settingthemapartfromotheranimals.
1. Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutmemory?
A. Ithelpsusperceivethingshappeningarounduseveryday.
B. Itaffectsourdecision-making.
C. Itaffectsourpastexperiences.
D. Thepastisconnectedwiththepresentbymemory.
2. Accordingtothepassage,memoryishelpfulinone'slife-inthefollowingaspectsEXCEPTthat .
A. itinvolvesthechangeinone'sbehavior
B. itkeepsinformationforlateruse
C. itwarnspeoplenottodothingsrepeatedly
D. itmakesoneremembereventsthathappenedinthepast
3. Whatistheauthor'sviewaboutcomputersascomparedtohumanbeings?
A. Computershavebettermemorythanachilddoes*
B. Computersareasintelligentasateenageris.
C. Computersunderstandasmanyas100,000words.
D. Humanbeingsarefarsuperiortocomputers.
4. Whatisthemajorcharacteristicofman'smemorycapacityaccordingtotheauthor?
A. Itcanbeexpandedbylanguage.
B. Itcanrememberallthecombinedwords.
C. Itmaykeepalltheinformationinthepast.
D. Itmaychangewhathasbeenstoredinit.
5. Humanbeingsmakethemselvesdifferentfromotheranimals
by______.
A. havingtheabilitytoperceivedanger
B. havingafargreatermemorycapacity
C. havingtheabilitytorecognizefacesandplacesonsight
D. havingtheabilitytodrawonpastexperiences
PassageTwo
Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage
Justiceinsocietymustincludebothafairtrialtotheaccusedandtheselectionofanappropriatepunishmentforthoseprovenguilty.Becausejusticeisregardedasoneformofequality,wefindinitsearlierexpressionstheideaofapunishmentequaltothecrime.RecordedintheOldTestamentistheexpression"aneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth”.Thatis,theindividualwhohasdonewronghascommittedanoffenseagainstsociety.Tomakeupforthisoffense,societymustgetjust.Thiscanbedoneonlybyinflictinganequalinjuryuponhim.Itisillustratedwhenwedemandthedeathpenaltyforapersonwhohascommittedmurder.AndthisphilosophyofpunishmentwassupportedbytheGermanidealistHegel.Hebelievedthatsocietyowedittothecriminaltoadministerapunishmentequaltothecrimehehadcommitted.Tothemurderernothinglessthangivinguphisownlifewillpayhisdebt.
Modernjuristshavetriedtoreplaceretributivejusticewiththenotionofcorrectivejustice.Theaimofthelatterisnottoabandontheconceptofequalitybuttofindamoreadequatewaytoexpressit.Ittriestopreservetheideaofequalopportunityforeachindividualtorealizethebestthatisinhim.丁hecriminalisregardedasbeingsociallyillandinneedoftreatmentthatwillenablehimtobecomeanormalmemberofsociety.Beforeatreatmentcanbeadministered,thecauseofhisantisocialbehaviormustbefound.Ifthecausecanberemoved,provisionsmustbemadetohavethisdone.Onlythosecriminalswhoareincurableshouldbepermanentlyseparatedfromtherestofsociety.Ifsevere
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