代词.docx
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代词.docx
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代词
Ⅰ.引论
1 代词是用来代替名词以避免重复的词,如:
JohnwasinlovewithMary.WhenMarywasseriouslyill,JohnwaitedonMarymorning,noonandnight.JohnwassoanxiousaboutMary'shealth.ButMaryrecoveredquickly.
在这些句子中,Mary和John重复过多,若使用代词句子就好得多:
JohnwasinlovewithMary.Whenshewasseriouslyill,hewaitedonhermorning,noonandnight.Hewassoanxiousaboutherhealth.Butsherecoveredquickly.
2 从实用观点,代词可以分为5类:
1)人称代词(PersonalPronouns),如:
I,me,my,mine;
2)疑问代词(InterrogativePronouns),如:
who,which,what;
3)指示代词(DemonstrativePronouns),如:
this,those,that;
4)不定代词(IndefinitePronouns),如:
some,any,all;
5)关系代词(RelativePronouns),如:
who,which,that.
本章中主要讨论人称代词。
其他代词将在以后讨论。
例如,疑问代词将和疑问副词、疑问形容词一起讨论,因为它们有许多相似之处。
同样的关系代词将和关系副词、关系形容词一起讨论。
A.人称代词的分类
3 人称代词有3种人称和2个数。
I用来代表说话的人,可说是第一人称;you表示谈话的对象,可说是第二人称;he,she,it表示所谈的人或物,为第三人称。
I,you(你),he,she,it为单数。
we,you(你们),they为复数。
4 每个人称代词,不管是单数还是复数,都有5种形式:
1)如果是主语,要用主格形式(I,she,it等):
Isawher.Shesawme.Itastonishedthem.
2)如果是宾语,要用宾格形式(me,her,it等):
Shesawme.Isawher.Theylookedatit.
3)如果是表示所有,要用所有格形式(my,her,its等):
Thisismyhouse.Marybroughtherumbrella.Thedogwaggeditstail.
在这种代词前可加own来加以强调,表示某人自己的,而非任何别人的。
Thisismyown(=my,andnotanyother's)house.Marybroughtherownumbrella.
4)如果所有格(物主)代词所修饰的名词刚刚提到过,可以用其绝对形式(mine,hers,its等),以避免重复前面的名词,它的意思等于“物主代词+前面刚提过的名词”:
ThatisMary'shouse,andthisismine(=myhouse).
Ileftmyumbrellaathome,butMarybroughthers(=herumbrella)withher.
5)如果宾语和主语表示同一人或物,可用自身代词的形式(或称反身代词)(myself,herself,itself等):
Ihatemyself.Shelooksatherselfinthemirror.
Thematterspeaksforitself.(本身就可说明问题)
这种自身代词也可用来强调前面的名词或代词,这时可称为强调或自身代词:
Imyself(=I,andnobodyelse)willdoit.Maryherselfmadethedress.Confuciushimself(=EvenConfucius)wasnotwithoutfaults.Ihaveneverseenmyfatherhimself.
5 下面表格列出了人称代词的3种人称、2个数、4个性及5种形式:
人称
性
数
主格
宾格
所有格(物主)
所有格(绝对形式)
自身代词
1
普通
单
I
Me
My(own)
Mine
Myself
复
we
us
Our(own)
ours
ourselves
2
普通
单
You
You
Your(own)
Yours
Yourself
复
You
You
Your(own)
yours
Yourselves
古形式
单
Thou
Thee
Thy(own)
Thine
Thyself
复
ye
you
Your(own)
yours
Yourselves
3
阳
单
He
Him
His(own)
His
Himself
复
they
them
Their(own)
theirs
Themselves
阴
单
She
her
Her(own)
Hers
Herself
复
they
them
Their(own)
theirs
Themselves
中
单
it
it
Its(own)
its
Itself
复
they
them
Their(own)
theirs
Themselves
B.人称代词的用法
6 下面各节将讨论人称代词的某些特别用法。
1.主格人称代词
a.泛指一般人:
1)We(指一般人,也包括讲话的人)donotseeourownfaults.
2)You(=one,指一般人)cannotdotwothingsatatime.
Youmust(orshould,oughtto)keepquietinsuchaplace.
(可和must等词连用,也指一般人,但欠客气。
)
Youall(orpeople,folks,fellers,guys,men)(指大家)willbeinvited.
3)HewhoorHethat(=Anypersonwho)workshardwillsucceed.(较文气的用法)
ShewhoorShethatmarriesafortunemarriesmisery.(较文气的用法)
ThosewhoorThosethat(=Peoplewho)knowforeignlanguageshaveabetterchance.
注意:
这些代词也可指某些特定的人,如:
Thosewhoattendedthepartysaiditwassuccessful.
4)They(=People,可译为“人们”,不包括讲话的人及听话的人)say,‘Timeismoney.’
TheyspeakFrenchinSwitzerland.(在瑞士人们讲法语。
这样说可避免用被动结构FrenchisspokeninSwitzer-land.)
Wewerenotabletocrossthebridge,forthey(=somepeople)wererepairingit.
注意:
them不能这样泛用。
b.“And(Or)+代词”结构:
1)YouandIhavedoneourbest.(你我已经尽了力了。
这里our包括了对方)
HeandIhavedoneourbest.
Youandhehavedoneyourbest.(your中也包含了他在内)
2)You,she,andI(you在前,I放在最后)…
You,Mr.LeeandI…
EitherheorI…
Neitheryounorhe…
We,you,andthey(we在前they在后)…
We,youandMr.Lee…
Bothweandyou…
Eitherweorthey…
Neitheryounorthey…
3)Iandyouwillbepunished.(在指不利的事情时,I可放前面)
Heoryouareresponsible.
4)Heandhiswifehadagoodtime.
(但需说:
Ladiesandgentlemen,haveagoodtime!
)
2.物主代词(所有格代词)
7 下面句子表明了物主代词各种不同意思:
a.1)Helookedathiswatch(=thewatchownedorusedbyhim).(表示所有关系,即属于他)
也可表示作者、拟定者等:
Ireadhisnovel(=thenovelheboughtorwrote.)
Howaboutyourplan(=theplanyoumade)?
Thebookhaslostitscover(=thecoverasapartofit).
Idonotdoubthishonesty(=thehonestyasoneofhisqualities).
2)Ireadhisstatement.(whathestated)(用在一个表示动作的名词前,说明是谁的动作)
Hewaitedformyarrival.(Iarrived.)
Wemustworkharduntilourdeath.(Wedie.)
3)Hehastenedtomyassistance.(Iwasassisted.)(用在表示动作的名词前,表示动作的对象)
Shewishedtoseehimbeforehisexecution.(Hewasexe-cuted.)
Thehousewasonfirejustafteritscompletion.
(Itwascompleted.)
Hisdestruction(orHismurder,Hisappointment)issomethingonecanexpect.(Heisdestroyed,ismur-dered,etc.)
4)Thearmylostitscommander(=themanthatcommand-edit).(用在-er和-or结尾的名词前,表示“干某事的人”)
Hespoketohisvisitor(=themanwhovisitedhim),histeacher(=themanwhotaughthim),myelectors(=themenwhoelectedme).
5)Haveyoueverseenhisportrait(orimage,statue,like-ness,picture)(=theportraitrepresentinghim,ortheportraitmadebyhim,etc.)?
(用在表示图画、塑像等的名词前,表示“画的是谁”等等,也可指“谁的作品”)
6)Herlossisapity.(Shelostsomething,orsheislost.)(用在某些表动作的名词前,可有主动、被动两种意义。
即“丢失某物”或“被丢失”)
Hisloveisunselfish.(Helovessomeone,orislovedbysomeone.)
Histrainingisstrict.(Hetrainsothers,oristrained.)
Histreatmentisunjust.(Hetreatsothers,oristreat-ed.)
7)Yourinterpretationofitiscorrect.(Youinterpretit.)(在表示动作的名词后若跟有of引起的短语,则表示主动关系。
)
Histreatmentofothersisunjust.(Hetreatsothers.)
Herloveofmiceisunusual.(Shelovesmice.)
8)Whereareyourheroesnow?
(这里your带有鄙视的味道,即“你所谓的”)
Ihateyourpoliticians.
Forquarrelling,yourwomenarewithoutequal.
9)Heraisedhis(notthe)hands.(用在表示身体部位等的名词前。
这时译为汉语时,代词常不译出。
)
Sherubbedher(notthe)eyes.(她揉了揉眼睛。
)
Theyheldtheirbreath.(他们屏住呼吸。
)
Hetalkedinhissleep.(他说梦话。
)
Johnfoundhiswaytohishotel.(约翰找到了回旅馆的路。
)
Hetookoffhishat.(他把帽子摘下。
)
Theroomhaditswindowbroken.(房间的窗户破了。
)
b.用the代替物主代词的情况:
1)表示说话人客观态度。
“Thelegmustbecutoff,”saidthedoctor.
Thefatheristoobusyandthesonisfoolingaround.
2)表示动物身体的一部分:
Thebirdspreadthe(orits)wings.
The(orTheir)furmaybebrownorwhite.
3)当一名词和一介词连用时,表示身体的一部分(这时不宜用物主代词):
Hestruckmeontheshoulder.(不要说myshoulder)
HecaughtJohnbythecollar(不要说hiscollar)
YouwoundedMaryinthearm.
Heledthecowbythehorn.
Deathstaredhimintheface.
Helookedmestraightbetweentheeyes.
Hekissedherontheforehead.
偶尔也有例外情况,如:
Don'tdragthedeskbyitslegs.
4)用在某些习用语中:
Heisarmedtothe(不要说his)teeth.
Heturnedthecoldshoulderto(=neglected)me.
(Cf.Heturnedhisbackonme,adeafeartome.)
Hetalkedhimselfredintheface.
Heisdowninthemouth(=sad,dejected).
Thisadvertisementstrikestheeye(=isattractive).
Hegotit(orcaughtit)(=receiveddrubbing)intheneck.
Iknowwheretheshoepinches(=wherethetroubleis).
Weattackedtheenemyintherear(=fromtheback).
Shegaveherbabythebreast(=fedhimwithmilkfromtheteat).
Ihavesaidthelastword.
Hegavethelastfinishtothework.
Ishowedhimthedoor(=requiredhimtoleavebecausehewasunwelcome).
c.物主代词被省略的情况:
在某些词组中物主代词可用可不用,意思不变:
Ifeltat(my)ease.
Ilost(my)patience.
Hetook(his)leave.
Heisalwaysbehind(his)time(=late).
有时可用可不用,但意思不同:
Hekept(=lookedafter)house.
Hekept(=wasconfinedto)thehouse.
Ishalllivehereforlife(=forever).
Ishallrememberhimformylife(whichhehassaved).
Itisworthyourwhile(=financiallyprofitable).
Itisworthwhile(=beneficialinageneralsense).
d.在下面情况下物主代词不可省略:
Thisisapictureofmydrawing(=drawnbyme).
Ihaveseenahouseofhisbuilding(=builtbyhim).
Iwilltreatyoutofishofmyowncooking(=cookedbymyself).
e.在和some,most,all等词连用时,根据包括谁来决定用什么代词:
Some(orMost,All,None)ofushavedonetheir(whenthespeakerisnotincluded)best,our(whenthespeakerisincluded)best.
Some(orMost,All,None)ofyouhavedonetheir(oryour)best.
Eachone(orEveryone,Somebody,Nobody)hasdonehis(or,hisorher,their)best.(最好说Allofthem,Someofthem,Noneofthemhavedonetheirbest.)
f.My!
(=MyGod!
)WhatdoIsee?
g.在某些习惯用法中,ofme,ofhim这类结构比用物主代词时更多:
Shewillbethedeathofme(insteadofbemydeath)(=killme).
Thisbusinessmaybetheruinofhim(insteadofbehisruin)(=ruinhim).
Ican'tforthelifeofme(alsocan'tformylife)(=cannever)understandawoman.但是—Iranformylife.
Ican'tforthesoulofme(=Icannever)doanything.
Ihatethesightofher(=toseeher).但是—Shelosthersight(=herpowerofseeing).
Icanseeeverypartofhim,everyinchofhim,thewholeofhim.
I'veneverseenthelikeofit(=anythingsostrange).
I'veneverseenthelikeofhim.
Thesituationis,ontheface(ofit)(=asitappears),verypeaceful.
Undercoverofit(oftheplot),hecancheatmanypeople.
Attheendofit(oftheparty),weleftforhome.
Inspiteofhimwecontinuedourjourney.
Insteadofher,Johncame.(Shedidnotcome.)但是—Johnworksinherstead(=forherinsomeposition).
Welookedinfrontofus.
Someonestoodatthebackof(=behind)him.但是—
Someonestoodathisback(=supportedhim).
Thesecondplayofhis(如后面有定语从句,这样说比Hissecondplay要好一点)thatwaspresentedmetwithsuc-cess.
My(=MyGod)!
WhatdoIsee?
3.One'sown的用法
8 One'sown有许多用法,如:
a.作定语:
Attendtoyourown(=your,butnotanyother's)business.
Igavehimmyownshare.
Isthiscaryours?
Itismine.Itismyown(car).
Shewantstodoitinherownway(ormanner,fashion).
b.和of连用:
Hehasacar(orastore,aservant)ofhisown.(比hisowncar,store,orservant更强调)
Thevillagehasaschoolofitsown.
Hespendsplentyofmoneynotofhisown.
Thissmallbookisaworldofhisown.
c.表示“甚至……”:
Hecan'twritehisownname.
Hisownmothercannotrecognizehim.Hehaschangedalot.
Henevercaresabouthisown(=evenhis)sons.
d.用于某些成语:
Formy(own)part,Ican'tsayanything.
Hediditofhisownaccord(orofhisownfreewill)(=voluntarily).
Hetriedtokeephisowncounsel(=keepreticent不谈自己的想法).
4.
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