跨文化较完整版复习进程.docx
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跨文化较完整版复习进程.docx
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跨文化较完整版复习进程
跨文化较完整版
【DEFINITION】
Interculturalcommunication
TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,"interculturalcommunication."
Culture
Cultureisalearnedpatternofbehavior,andisawayinwhichapersonliveshislife.Itisanintegralpartofeverysociety,andcreatesafeelingofbelongingandtogethernessamongthepeopleofthatsociety.Cultureencompassesvariousaspectsofcommunication,attitude,etiquette,beliefs,values,customs,norms,food,art,jewelry,clothingstyles,etc.Everysocietyhasadifferentculture,whichgivesitanidentityanduniqueness
Peoplefromdifferentculturesliveindifferentregions,havedifferentjobs,havedifferentethnicbackgrounds,andsoforth.
Stereotypes
Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.Stereotypesmayhaveabasisinfact,buttheyaretoobroadandshallow,andtheygiveusthemistakenideathatapeople’sculturecanbesummedupeasilyinafewshort,simplestatements.Stereotypesarealsodangerousbecausetheymaytrickusintobelievingthatknowingafewstereotypesisthesamethingasunderstandinganotherculture.
Interpretation
Interpretationisaveryimportantaspectofinterculturalcommunication.Itistheprocessofdecidingwhatforeigners’wordsandactionsmeanandwhytheydowhattheydo.Interpretationisapartofallcommunication----eventhemostsimpleconversations.
Individualist
Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.
Collectivist
Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.
Hierarchy
Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality.
1)Westernersgenerallyhavelessrespectforseniority—age,positionandsoforth—thanwouldbethecaseinacollectivistculture.
2)Westernsocietiesoftentrytolimitthepowerofgovernmentofficials.
3)Westernerstendtohaveasomewhatsuspiciousandevennegativeviewofpowerandauthority
Cultureshock/culturefatigue
Cultureshockisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.
Lowcontext
Lowcontextculture,inwhichcontextisnotassumedtobeunderstood,messagesareexplicit,direct,andcompletelyencodedinwords,andmeaningisentrustedalmostentirelytowords.Lowcontextcommunicationisjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.it’sthemassofinformationisrestedintheexplicitcode,e.g.AmericanGerman.
Highcontextcommunication
Highcontextculturerelyonthecontext,eithertheactualphysicalenvironmentofcommunicationoraninternalizedsocialcontextorboth,orconveyalargepartorevenallofamessage’smeaning.Highcontextcommunicationisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson;whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,e.g.Chinese,Japanese.
Projectedculturalsimilarity
Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,"insideweareallmoreorlessthesame".Peoplefromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadofaskingeachotherwhattheythink.Becausetheyeachexpecttheotherpersontoreactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould,theydon'tchecktoseewhetherornottheotherpersonactuallyhasthesamefeelingsandreactionstheywould.
“Loose”cultures
Looseculturedoesn’tdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Theyalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.Andthereislesspressureonindividualswithinthesameculturetobehavethesamewaymostotherpeopleintheculturedo.
“Tight”cultures
expectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.Thereisaclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehaviorandthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.
Hereisanexampleofhowpeopledealwithpeoplewhoarebornleft-handed.Intightcultures,childrenwhofavortheirlefthandareencouragedorevenforcedtousetheirrighthandinstead,andthepercentageofleft-handedpeopleintheadultpopulationismuchsmaller.
Ethnocentrism
"Ethnocentrism"isthetendencytothinkofone’sowncultureasbeingatthecenteroftheworldinotherwords,toassumethatone’sownculture'swayofthinkingandactingismorenatural,normal,andcorrectthanthewaypeoplefromotherculturesthinkandact.
Ingroups&Outgroups
In-Groups:
“In-groups”arethepeoplewehavethemostincommonwithandidentifymostcloselywith,suchasourfamily,classmates,orco-workers.Wealsohavelargerin-groupssuchaspeoplewhoarefromourownregion,religiousgroup,ethnicgroup,ornation.
Out-groups:
outgroupsarethosegroupsofpeoplewhowedonotidentifywith---peoplefromotherfamilies,regions,ethnicgroups,ornations.Towardoutsiders,wetendtobemorecritical,suspicious,andwillingtopassharshjudgments.
Warstories
Theterm“warstories”originallyreferredtothekindsofstoriessoldierswouldtellafterexperiencesinbattle.Now“warstories”refersmoregenerallytoanystoriespeopletellafterstrangeorstressfulexperiences,includingstoriesaboutunusualencounterswithforeigners.Warstoriesnaturallytendtobebiasedagainstoutsides,sotheytendtoreinforcenegativeviewstowardforeigners.What’smore,negativeviewsbasedonanexperiencewithoneforeignerareoftenusedasevidencetodrawconclusionsaboutforeignersingeneral.
【ANSWERQUESTIONSINDETAIL】
Whataretheproblemsininterculturalcommunication?
interculturalcommunication定义
1)Sixstumblingblocks
2)Assumingmoreculturalsimilaritiesleadstomisunderstanding
3)Languagedifference
4)Misinterpretingverbalcommunicationandbodylanguagefromothercountry5)Stereotypeandpreconceptions
6)Evaluatebeforereallyunderstanding
7)Interactwithforeignersstressfullyandsufferfromcultureshock
8)Tendtogeneralizeorsimplify
9)Tendtodefinegroupsbyafewkeycharacteristic
10)Assumeeveryoneissimilar
Whyisithardtoteachaculture?
HowdoesChineseculturedifferfromWesternculture?
Chineseculture:
1.collectivism----------emphasisonthedoctrineofthemean
2.largepowerdistance—hierarchy/intergroup(ingroup)harmonyandavoidanceofovert(covert)conflictininterpersonalrelations
3.hypocritical
4.hypocrisy
5.beliefinthe“naturalness,necessity,andinevitabilityofhierarchy.”
6.inequalitybasedonachievement,especiallyacademic,moral,andfinancialachievement
7.beliefthat“thejudgmentofwisepeople”isabetterwaytoregulatelifethanrigid,artificiallaws
8.peopleexist“inandthroughrelationshipwithothers.”
9.academicemphasisonmemory,attentiontodetail,andlengthyhomework
Westernculture:
1.activity---adominantmodeofactivityisdoing
2.equality
3.motivationbasedonachievement
4.theworldismaterial/secularratherthanspiritual
5.optimistic
6.individualist
7.materialism
8.success
9.philanthropic---humanitarianism----------voluntarycharity/anonymous
Virtues?
(中国文化/西方文化强调的virtues)
virtue定义
Chinese:
formality/hierarchy/industriousness/beingfilial/hardwork/modesty/thrifty
Americans:
activity-dominant/equality/motivationbasedonachievement/theworldismaterialratherthanspiritual/optimistic/individualist/materialism/success/humanitarianism
Commenton“Neveraborrowerorlenderbe”.
“In
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