Stress physiology Study Questionsanswer FAN.docx
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Stress physiology Study Questionsanswer FAN.docx
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StressphysiologyStudyQuestionsanswerFAN
Stressphysiology
(Answer)
考试时没有汉语注释!
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I.TranslationoftheFollowingTermIntoChinese.
1.stress胁迫2.stresstolerance胁迫耐受3.acclimation驯化4.hardened锻练5.adaptation适应6.cross-tolerance交叉耐受7.waterdeficit水分亏缺8.desiccationtolerance脱水耐受9.meteorologicalcondition气象[气候]条件10.droughtescape干旱逃避11.“droughtavoiders.”干旱逃避植物12.watersaver水分节约植物13.waterspender水分浪费植物14.hydropassiveclosure水被动关闭15.hydroactiveclosure水主动关闭16.osmoticadjustment渗透调节17.solutes溶质18.paraheliotropism平行向日性19.diaheliotropism垂直向日性20.temperaturecompensationpoint温度补偿点21.coldshock冷休克22.icenucleator冰核23.colligativemechanism依数机制24.thermalhysteresis热滞后25.thermalhysteresisproteins(THPs)热滞后蛋白26.criticaloxygenpressure(COP)临界氧分压27.salinity盐分28.abioticfactors非生物因子29.airpollution空气污染30.biosphere生物圈31.bioticfactors生物因子32.assimilation同化33.biomassaccumulation生物量累积34.quaternaryamine季胺35.proline脯氨酸36.glycinebetaine甘氨酸甜菜碱37.cuticle角质层38.cacti仙人掌39.succulentplant肉质植物40.ABAresponseelement(ABRE)ABA应答元件41.infrared红外线42.conduction传导43.convection对流44.oleander夹竹桃45.pubescent软毛的46.oligomericproteins寡聚蛋白质47.chaperone分子伴侣48.constitutive组成型的49.thermotolerance耐热性50.-aminobutyricacid(GABA)氨基丁酸51.glutamatedecarboxylase(GAD)谷氨酸脱羧酶52.calmodulin钙调素53.alkaline碱性的54.pyrophosphatases焦磷酸化酶55.tropical热带的56.subtropical亚热带的57.altitudes纬度58.raffinose蜜三糖/棉子糖59.fructans果聚糖60.sorbitol山梨(糖)醇61.mannitol甘露醇62.alpine高山的63.subarctic亚北极的64.isotherm等温线65.timberline树带界线66.homology同源67.family家族68.pathogens病原体69.endochitinases内切几丁质酶70.endoglucanases内切葡聚糖酶71.pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins病程相关蛋白72.activators激活剂73.promoter启动子74.stress–inducedgenes胁迫诱导基因75.irrigation灌溉76.sodicity钠质盐化77.porosity多孔性78.permeability通透性79.electricalconductivity电导率80.halophytes盐土植物81.glycophytes甜土植物82.leakage渗漏83.sodicsoil含钠土壤84.photophosphorylation光合磷酸化85.anaerobes厌氧性生物86.antiporters反向运输器87.pyruvate丙酮酸88.lactate乳酸89.fermentation发酵90.proton质子,91.anoxia缺氧92.acidosis酸中毒93.oxidase氧化酶94.aerenchyma通气组织95.dicots双子叶植物96.alanine丙氨酸97.succinate琥珀酸98.arid-zone干旱地区99.boundarylayer边界层100.evaporativecooling蒸发冷却101.stele中柱102.leucine亮氨酸103.glycine甘氨酸104.valine缬氨酸105.sugarbeet糖用甜菜106.waterlily睡莲107.stroma基质108.photosynthate光合产物109.assimilates同化物110.soggy浸水状的111.waterloggedsoil水浸土壤112.peroxidase过氧(化)物酶113.superoxidedismutase(SOD)超氧化物歧化酶
II.TranslationoftheFollowingGlossaryDefinitionIntoChinese,WiththeCorrespondingTermwrittenout(inChineseorinEnglish).
1.stress胁迫
Stress(It)isusuallydefinedasanexternalfactorthatexertsadisadvantageousinfluenceontheplant.
它通常被定义为给植物施加不良影响的外部因子。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermstressor胁迫.
2.stresstolerance胁迫耐受
Stresstolerance(It)istheplant'sfitnesstocopewithanunfavorableenvironment.
Intheliteraturethetermstressresistanceisoftenusedinterchangeablywithstresstolerance,althoughthelattertermispreferred.
它是植物应对不良环境的适应。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermstresstoleranceor胁迫耐受.
3.acclimation驯化
Iftoleranceincreasesasaresultofexposuretopriorstress,theplantissaidtobeacclimated(orhardened受锻练).
由于暴露给先前的胁迫而耐受增加。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermacclimationor驯化.
4.adaptation适应
Adaptation(It)referstoageneticallydeterminedlevelofresistanceacquiredbyaprocessofselectionovermanygenerations.
它是指通过许多代的选择过程,由遗传决定的抗性水平。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermadaptationor适应.
5.cross-tolerance交叉耐受
Plantsoftendisplaycross-tolerance交叉耐受—thatis,tolerancetoonestressinducedbyacclimationtoanother.Thisbehaviorimpliesthatmechanismsofresistancetoseveralstressessharemanycommonfeatures.
即,一种胁迫诱导的耐受适应于另一种胁迫。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermcross-toleranceor交叉耐受.
6.waterdeficit水分亏缺
Waterdeficit(It)canbedefinedasanywatercontentofatissueorcellthatisbelowthehighestwatercontentexhibitedatthemosthydratedstate.
脱水最多情况时的水分含量。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermwaterdeficitor水分亏缺.
7.desiccationpostponement脱水延后
Desiccationpostponement(It)istheabilitytomaintaintissuehydration.
能保持组织脱水。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermdesiccationpostponementor脱水延后.
8.desiccationtolerance脱水耐受
Desiccationtolerance(It)istheabilitytofunctionwhiledehydrated.Theolderliteratureoftenusesthetermdroughtavoidance(insteadofdroughttolerance),butthistermisamisnomerbecausedroughtisameteorological[ֽmi:
tjərə´lɔdӡikəl]condition气象[气候]条件thatistoleratedbyallplantsthatsurviveitandavoidedbynone.
脱水时仍能起作用。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermdesiccationtoleranceor脱水耐受.
9.droughtescape干旱逃避
Plantscompletetheirlifecyclesduringthewetseason,beforetheonsetofdrought.Thesearetheonlytrue“droughtavoiders.”干旱逃避植物
植物在干旱出现之前,在潮湿季节完成生活周期。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermdroughtescapeor干旱逃避.
10.watersaver水分节约植物
Watersavers(Plantsthat)usewaterconservatively,preservingsomeinthesoilforuselateintheirlifecycle.
节约用水,保留一些水分在土壤中以便在生活周期的后期利用的植物。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermwatersaveror水分节约植物.
11.waterspender水分浪费植物
Waterspenders(Plantsthat)aggressivelyconsumewater,oftenusingprodigious巨大的quantities.
极度消耗水,常常利用量很大的植物。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermwaterspenderor水分浪费植物.
12.hydropassiveclosure水被动关闭
Thisclosingmechanismislikelytooperateinairoflowhumidity,(Itclosesthestomata)whendirectwaterlossfromtheguardcellsistoorapidtobebalancedbywatermovementintotheguardcellsfromadjacentepidermalcells
当从保卫细胞的直接水分丢失太快而不被从附近表皮细胞进入保卫细胞的水分平衡时,关闭气孔。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermhydropassiveclosureor水被动关闭.
13.hydroactiveclosure水主动关闭
Hydroactiveclosure(It)closesthestomatawhenthewholeleafortherootsaredehydratedanddependsonmetabolicprocessesintheguardcells.
当整个叶片或根脱水时关闭气孔,这取决于保卫细胞的代谢过程。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermhydroactiveclosureor水主动关闭.
14.osmoticadjustment渗透调节
Osmoticadjustment,(It,)oraccumulation累积ofsolutes溶质bycells,isaprocessbywhichwaterpotentialcanbedecreasedwithoutanaccompanyingdecreaseinturgorordecreaseincellvolume.
即细胞溶质累积,它是一个水势可能下降而没有伴随膨压或细胞体积下降。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermosmoticadjustmentor渗透调节.
15.paraheliotropism平行向日性
Leavesthatorientthemselvesawayfromthesunlightarecalledparaheliotropic.
使自身远离太阳光的叶片。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermparaheliotropismor平行向日性.
16.diaheliotropism垂直向日性
Leavesthatgainenergybyorientingthemselvesnormal正交(perpendicular)tothesunlightarereferredtoasdiaheliotropic.
使自身与太阳光正交(垂直)而获得能量的叶片。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermdiaheliotropismor垂直向日性.
17.temperaturecompensationpoint温度补偿点
Inagiventimeinterval,thetemperatureatwhichtheamountofCO2fixedbyphotosynthesis,equalstheamountofCO2releasedbyrespiration,thistemperatureiscalledthetemperaturecompensationpoint.
在一给定的时间间隔,光合作用固定二氧化碳量等于呼吸作用释放二氧化碳量温度。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermtemperaturecompensationpointor温度补偿点.
18.coldshock冷休克
Suddenexposuretotemperaturesnear0°C,calledcoldshock冷休克.
突然暴露于接近零度的温度。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermcoldshockor冷休克.
19.icenucleator冰核
Somelargepolysaccharidesandproteins(that)facilitateicecrystalformationandarecalledicenucleators冰核.
促进冰晶体形成的某些大的多糖和蛋白质
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermicenucleatoror冰核.
20.colligativemechanism依数机制
Aneffectdependsontheloweringofthefreezingpointofwaterbythepresenceofsolutes.
效应取决于由于溶质存在水的冰点下降。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermcolligativemechanismor依数机制.
21.thermalhysteresis热滞后
Transitionfromliquidtosolidispromotedatalowertemperaturethanistransitionfromsolidtoliquid,thisphenomenoniscalledthermalhysteresis热滞后.
促进液体过渡到固体的温度比促进固体过渡到液体的温度低。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermthermalhysteresisor热滞后.
22.thermalhysteresisproteins(THPs)热滞后蛋白
Antifreezeproteins(that)confertoaqueoussolutionsthepropertyofthermalhysteresis热滞后,andthustheyaresometimesreferredtoasthermalhysteresisproteins(THPs)热滞后蛋白.
赋予水溶液热滞后性质的抗冻蛋白。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermthermalhysteresisproteins(THPs)or热滞后蛋白.
23.criticaloxygenpressure(COP)临界氧分压
Thecriticaloxygenpressure(COP)(It)istheoxygenpressureatwhichtherespirationrateisfirstslowedbyO2deficiency.
氧缺乏时,呼吸速率开始下降的氧分压。
Thedefinitionabove-mentionedisthetermcriticaloxygenpressure(COP)or临界氧分压.
III.FillintheBlankinChineseorinEnglish
1.Stressplaysamajorroleindetermininghowsoilandclimatelimitthe()ofplantspecies.
Distribution
2.Therearetwokindsofstressfactors,i.e.(),suchaswaterdeficit,salinity[sə´liniti]盐分,chillingandfreezing,heat,andoxygendeficiencyintherootbiosphere生物圈,aswellasairpollution空气污染,aswellas(),suchasweeds,pathogens,andinsectpredation.
environmentalorabioticfactors非生物因子,bioticfactors生物因子
3.Inmostcases,stressismeasuredinrelationto(),(),(),ortheprimaryassimilation[əֽsimi`lei∫ən]同化processes(CO2andmineraluptake),whicharerelatedtooverallgrowth.
plantsurvival,cropyield,growth(biomassaccumulation生物量累积)
4.Adaptationandacclimationtoenvironmentalstressesresultfromintegratedeventsoccurringatalllevelsoforganization,fromthe()and()leveltothe(),(),and()level.
Anatomical,morphological,cellular,biochemical,molecular
5.Droughtresistancemechanismsaredividedintothreetypes,i.e.desiccation(),desiccation()anddrought()ordrought().
Postponement,tolerance,escapeoravoiders
6.Amongthedesiccationpos
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