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Passage1:
HackersGiveWebCompaniesaTestofFreeSpeech
ByASHLEEVANCEandMIGUELHELFT
Published:
December8,2010
OnWednesday,anonymoushackerstookaimatcompaniesperceivedtohaveharmedWikiLeaksafteritsreleaseofafloodofconfidentialdiplomaticdocuments.MasterCard,VisaandPayPal,whichhadcutoffpeople’sabilitytodonatemoneytoWikiLeaks,werehitbyattacksthattriedtoblockaccesstothecompanies’Websitesandservices.
Toorganizetheirefforts,thehackershaveturnedtositeslikeFacebookandTwitter.ThathasdrawntheseWebgiantsintothefrayandcreatedaprecarioussituationforthem.
BothFacebookandTwitter—butparticularlyTwitter—havereceivedpraiseinrecentyearsasoutletsforfreespeech.Governmentstryingtocontroltheflowofinformationhavefounditdifficulttoblockpeoplefromvoicingtheirconcernsorsettingupmeetingsthroughthesites.
Atthesametime,bothFacebookandTwitterhavecorporateaspirationsthathingeontheirabilitytoserveasadplatformsforothercompanies.ThisleavesthemwithtoughpublicrelationsandbusinessdecisionsaroundhowtheyshouldhandlesituationsaspoliticallychargedastheWikiLeaksdevelopments.
SomeinternetexpertssaythesituationhighlightsthecomplexitiesoffreespeechissuesontheInternet,asgrassrootsWebcompaniesevolveandtakecentralcontroloverwhattheiruserscanmakepublic.ClayShirky,whostudiestheInternetandteachesatNewYorkUniversity,saidthatalthoughtheWebisthenewpublicsphere,itisactually“acorporatespherethattoleratespublicspeech.”
MarciaHofmann,alawyerattheElectronicFrontierFoundation,said,“AnyInternetuserwhocaresaboutfreespeechorhasacontroversialorunpopularmessageshouldbeconcernedaboutthefactthatintermediariesmightnotletthemexpressit.”
Sheadded,“Yourfreespeechrightsareonlyasstrongastheweakestintermediary.”
TheproblemcameintoreliefonWednesday,throughaneffortcalledOperationPayback,organizedbyagroupcallingitselfAnonymous.ThegroupspentmuchofthedaypostingnotesonFacebookandTwitterthattoldfollowerswhichcompaniestosingleoutandthatdocumentedhackingsuccesses.
ButFacebookbannedoneofthegroup’spages,sayingthatusingthesitetoorganizehackingattackslikethatviolateditstermsofuse.ThegroupwentonTwittertocomplain.
AFacebookspokesmanissuedastatementsayingthatthecompanywas“sensitivetocontentthatincludespornography,bullying,hatespeech,andthreatsofviolence”andwould“takeactiononcontentthatwefindorthat’sreportedtousthatpromotesunlawfulactivity.”
InaninterviewWednesdaymorning,JoeSullivan,Facebook’schiefsecurityofficer,addressedWikiLeaks’sownpresenceonthesite.HesaidthecompanyhadnotreceivedanyofficialrequeststodisablepagesoraccountsassociatedwiththeWikiLeaksorganization.
FacebookgenerallyresistsrequestsbygovernmentsoradvocacygroupstotakedownmaterialifthatcontentisnotillegalordoesnotviolateFacebook’stermsofservice,whichprohibitattacksonindividualsorincitementstoviolence.
“Facebookisaplacewherepeoplecometotalkaboutallsortsofthings,includingcontroversialtopics,”Mr.Sullivansaid.ItwasnotclearwhetheranyonehadaskedFacebooktotakedowntheOperationPaybackpage.
TwitterallowedtheOperationPaybackaccounttostayactivemostofWednesday.Butthegroup’saccountwasdisabledlateintheday,afteritpostedalinktoafilethatprovidedthousandsofconsumercreditcardnumbers,accordingtoapersonwithdirectknowledgeofthesituation.
ATwitterspokesmandeclinedtodiscussthedetailsofthesituation.“Wedon’tcommentaboutthespecificactionswetakearounduseraccounts,”hesaid.
Thecompanyisnotoverlyconcernedabouthackers’attackingTwitter’ssite,hesaid,explainingthatitfacessecurityissuesallthetimeandhastechnologytodealwiththesituation.
Twitterisinaparticularlydelicatesituationbecauseitsfoundershavecelebratedtheirservice’sroleinpoliticalprotestandfreespeech.Theyhavenotbeenshyabouttryingtocapitalizeonthegoodwillengenderedbyplayingthatrole.
WikiLeaks’sownTwitteraccountremainsactive,anditisthegroup’smainchannelforreachingsupportersandthemedia.
Lastweek,AfellintoasimilarpositionwhenitdecidedtostopstoringfilesforWikiLeaks.AdvocatesofWikiLeakscomplainedthatAwasbowingtopoliticalpressuretocuttheorganizationfromitsWebservices.AnAspokesmansaidthecompanywassimplybanninganorganizationthathadviolateditstermsofservicebytryingtodistributedocumentsitdidnotown.
ThelastweekhasgivenrisetoahackingwarinwhichgroupshaveblockedaccesstoWikiLeaks’sWebsitesbybombardingthemwithrequests.
AndnowtheWikiLeakssupportershaverespondedinkind,flyingthefreedomofspeechbannerasthemotivationfortheiractions.
Passage2:
U.S.UnionBackingBoostsKoreaTradePact
BySTEVENGREENHOUSE
Published:
December8,2010
TheUnitedAutomobileWorkersarepleasedthattheagreementwillincreaseautoexportstoKorea,andtheUnitedFoodandCommercialWorkersareencouragedthatthepactwillbolstermeatexportstoKorea.Bothhaveembracedthedeal,whichisamodifiedversionofanagreementthatPresidentGeorgeW.Bushfirstnegotiatedin2007.
Bysupportingtheagreement,thetwounionsarebreakingwithorganizedlabor’straditionaloppositiontofree-tradeagreementsasathreattoAmericanjobs.Themachinists’unionhasdenouncedtheKoreadeal,whiletwootherpowerfulunions,thesteelworkersandthecommunicationsworkers,willannouncetheiroppositiononThursday,unionofficialssay.
SometradeexpertssaythatthesupportoftheautoworkersandthefoodandcommercialworkersislikelytoswayenoughDemocratsintheHouseandSenatetoensureratification.TheagreementisalsosubjecttoapprovalbySouthKorea’sNationalAssembly.
“TheratificationchancesfortheKoreanagreementareextremelygoodbecauseyounowhaveasplitinlabor,”saidGaryC.Hufbauer,aseniorfellowatthePetersonInstituteofInternationalEconomics.
Mr.Hufbauersaiditwasunusualforlabortobesodividedoveratradeagreement.UnifiedlaboroppositionhashelpedblockratificationoftradeagreementswithColombia,Panamaand,untilnow,SouthKorea.
Butfacingpressurefromtheautoworkersandotherunions,Mr.ObamapressedSouthKoreatorenegotiateimportantprovisionsinthe2007accord.ThereviseddealwouldreducetariffsandothertraderestrictionsonAmericanautoandbeefexportsandcontinueAmericantariffsonKoreancarsandtrucksforanextendedperiod.
TheU.A.W.’spresident,BobKing,praisedtheagreement,sayingitwouldsignificantlyexpandAmericanautoexportstoSouthKorea.
“I’msupportingthisbecauseIthinkit’sinthebestinterestsofourmembersandinthebestinterestsofourcountry,”hesaidinaninterviewonWednesday.“Themostimportantthingfortheeconomicwell-beingoftheU.S.istoprotectjobsandcreatejobs,andIthinkthisagreementwilldothat.”
Theautoworkersarepleasedthatthedealkeepsa2.5percentAmericantariffonKoreanautosforfouryearsanda25percenttariffonKoreansportutilityvehiclesforsixyearsratherthanliftingthemimmediately,asthe2007accordcalledfor.
Korea,meanwhile,willimmediatelycutitstariffonAmericanautoimportsinhalf,to4percent,whileallowingin75,000AmericancarseachyearthatmeetAmericansafetystandards,eveniftheydonotmeetKoreansafetystandards.
Mr.KingsaidtheObamaadministrationhadtakenlabor’sconcernsintoaccountmorethananyadministrationhadinnegotiatinganyprevioustradeagreement.
TheUnitedStateshada$6.6billionmerchandisetradedeficitwithSouthKoreainthefirstninemonthsofthisyear,accordingtotheCensusBureau,importing$35.5billioningoodswhileexporting$28.9millionworth.Inastudy,theU.A.W.saidtherewasan$8.9billiontradedeficitinautomobileswithKorealastyear,representing70percentofthebilateraltradedeficit.
DenunciationoftheU.A.W.byotherunionsandantitradeactivistshasbeenunusuallyharsh.
JaneHamsher,aprominentleft-wingbloggerwhofoundedFiredoglake,wrotethattheU.A.W.was“abunchofselfishpigs”forembracingtheagreementandwasa“Chinese-styleunion”thatwas“muchclosertotheinterestsofmanagementandthegovernmentthanthoseofitslineworkers.”SheassertedthattheU.A.W.embracedtheaccordinparttothankPresidentObamaforrescuingGeneralMotorsandChrysler.
Thenation’smainlaborfederation,theA.F.L.-C.I.O.,isusuallyquicktodenouncetradeagreements,butsofarithasbeensilentabouttheKoreanpact,apparentlybecauseofthedisagreementamongitsmemberunions.
Severalunionofficialssaid,however,thattheA.F.L-C.I.O.wouldissueastatementearlyThursdaycriticizingtheKoreandeal,inparticularfornotdoingmoretoprotecttherightsofworkerstounionizeinbothSouthKoreaandtheUnitedStates.
TheObamaadministrationhashailedtheagreement,whichcomesastheUnitedStatesisshowingsupportforSouthKoreaafterNorthKoreashelledaSouthKoreanisland,killingfourpeople.Theadministrationsaysthetradepactwillfurtheritsgoalofdoublingexportswithinfiveyears,whileopeningupSouthKorea’s$560billionservicesmarket.
TheadministrationpointedtoastudybytheInternationalTradeCommissionthatpredictedthatAmericanmerchandiseexportstoKoreawouldincreasetoaround$11billionayearasaresultoftheagreement,whilemerchandise
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