完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档.docx
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完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档.docx
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完整word版英美概况知识点总结吐血编写推荐文档
SurveyoftheUSAFoundation:
1776.7.4.Thefourthlargestcountryintheworld
Position:
thecentralpartofNorthAmerica;AlaskainthenorthwesternpartofNorthAmericaandHawaiiinthecentralPacificOcean.Northerntemperaturezone.
North:
Canada;South:
Mexico,theGulfofMexico;East:
AtlanticOcean;West:
PacificOcean
Area:
6%oftheEarth≈thewholeEurope
(三大河流体系)ThethreeriversystemsintheUSAare:
thesystemoftheGulfofMexico,thesystemoftheAtlanticOceanandthesystemofthePacificOcean.
(三大山脉)threegreatmountainranges:
theAppalachianMountains,theRockyMountainsandtheGreatCordilleraMountainRange.
(thePacific河流体系的两大河流)theColumbiaRiverandtheColoradoRiver.
(美国/世界最长的河流)theMississippiRiveristhemostimportantriverinthesystemoftheGulf.
TheRockyMountains(落基山脉)are“thebackboneofthecontinent”.
Greatlake(美国五大湖)TheyarelocatedinthenortheastpartofAmerica.由西至东:
LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErie,andLakeOntario.
(黄石国家公园)YellowstoneNationalPark,Wyoming/(大峡谷)GrandCanyon/
Threebasicgeographicalareasorsurfaceregions:
1)TheAtlanticSeacoastandtheAppalachianMountainsintheeast
EasternCoastalPlain;Thefirst13colonies:
1624,Virginia1629,NewHampshire1632,Maryland
1662,Connecticut1663,RhodeIsland1664,NewYork1664,NewJersey1681,Pennsylvania
1682,Delaware1691,Massachusetts1713,NorthCarolina1713,SouthCarolina1732,Georgia
2)ThegreatMississippiRiverValleyinthemiddle
BetweenAppalachianandtheRockyMountains,2,000kmfromeasttowest
ChicagoGreatPlain:
westpartofMississippiValley
3)TheRockieswesttothePacificOcean
RockyMountains:
thebackboneofthecontinent
YellowStoneNationalPark,
HooverDamLasVegas,thegamblingcity
DeathValley:
85mbelowthesealevel,thelowestplacewiththehighesttemperatureinAmerica
Thehighestpoint:
DenaliinAlaska(20,320feet)
SiliconValley–thecenterofAmerica’selectronicindustry
Threeriversystems:
oneoftheGulfofMexico,oneoftheAtlanticOcean,oneofthePacificOcean
MississippiRiver:
thethirdlongestriverintheworld(NileRiver,AmazonRiver)“FatherofWaters”
LakeSuperior:
thelargestfreshwaterlakeofitskindintheworld(onlyafterthelargestinlandlakeCaspianSea–saltwaterlake)
LakeMichiganiswhollywithintheUSA
NiagaraFalls:
LakeErie&LakeOntario
GreatSaltLake:
thelargestinlandsaltlakeinNorthAmerica
ThreemountainrangesTheAppalachianMountains,TheRockyMountains,TheGreatCordilleraMountain
People:
Europeanorigin:
80%MeltingpotIndians:
originalinhabitants
NationalAnthem:
theStar-SpangledBanner
NationalFlag:
TheStarsandStripes
Attheleftsideonthetop:
bluebackgroundwithwhitestars–9linesofstars(six,five);13stripes:
redandwhite;red–bravery,white–freedom,blue–loyaltyandjustice
Fiftystars:
fiftystates;thirteenstripes:
thirteencolonies
SurveyofUK(=theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland)
Position:
NorthwesternEuropeTothenorthofFrance,thewestoftheNetherlands,DenmarkandNorway
Composition(Capital):
England(London),Scotland(Edinburgh),Wales(Cardiff),NorthernIreland(Belfast)
Geographicfeatures:
TheHighlandZone:
northandwest
TheLowlandZone:
southandsoutheast
ThePennineshasbeencalled“thebackboneofEngland”.
(第一长河流)SevernRiver(第二长河流)ThamesRiver
(最大的内陆湖)LoughNeaghwhichislocatedinNorthernIreland.
Weather:
Dreary,theraininprotracteddrizzlebutnotinheavyshowers.Lackofsunshine:
overcastskiesandfog
FactorsinfluencingEnglishweather
A.theshoresoftheBritishIsles:
warmstreamNorthAtlanticDrift北大西洋暖流
B.westerlywindbelt:
thewestwindfromtheAtlanticOceanismildandmoist西风带
C.theconfigurationofBritain,particularlynumerousinletsmakeoceanicinfluencespenetratemoreeffectively
NationalAnthem:
GodSavetheQueen(King).Theanthemdemonstratesthespiritofthesocialsystemintermsofconstitutionalmonarchy.
NationalFlag:
UnionJack:
combinesthecrossesofSt.George,St.Andrew,andSt.Patrick
(England)St.George’scrosswasrectangular,redonawhitebackground
(Scotland)St.Andrew’scrosswasdiagonal,whiteonabluebackground
(Ireland)St.Patrick’scrosswasredonawhitebackground
People:
Anglo-Saxons,Celts
BritishHistory:
RomanOccupation(55B.C.–410)
55B.C.,theRomansunderJuliusCaesarinvadedBritain;influenceCeltic
43A.D.:
successfulinvasionFailedtoconquerScotland
Builttwogreatwalls:
Hadrian’sWall,AntonineWall
InfluenceTheinvasionmarkedthebeginningofEnglishrecordedhistory.
Romancivilization:
baths,temples,amphitheatres,roads,cultivation,organizedgovernment,towns,minerals(lead,iron,pottery)Newreligion:
Christianity
NoimpactonthelanguageorculturebecauseRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasalaveclass;nointermarry.
NormanConquest
theMiddleEnglishperiod:
theGreatEnglishVowelShift;French’sinfluence
WilliamtheConqueror:
thefirstAnglo-NormankingofEngland,thefirstkingtobecrownedinWestminsterAbbeytheBattleofHastings–October14th,1066
InfluenceSpedupthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland。
WilliambuilttheTowerofLondon;strengthenedtheking’spower。
DomesdayBook:
descriptionofEngland–statedtheextent,value,populationandtheownershipoftheland。
Feudalaristocracydevelopedwiththeappearanceofnobletitles。
TheNormanwayoflife,Frenchcivilization。
Changeoflanguage。
ThelastinvasionofEnglandbyfreigners
MagnaCarta(Greatcharter)大宪章(1215)June15,1215,KingJohnsignedGreatCharter
InfluencesThefirststepofconstitutionalexperimentandruleoflaw
Pavedthewayforthenew-bornbourgeoisietogetpoliticalpower
Protectedtherightsofthemerchantclass,whichfacilitatedthedevelopmentofcommerceandhandicraft
LaiddownthebasicrulesfortheEnglishandAmericanlegalsystem
TheWarofRoses(1455-1458)ItisthenamegiventothestrugglefortheEnglishthronebetweentwobranchesoftheEnglishroyalfamily:
theHouseofLancaster,whosevadgewasaredrose,andtheHouseYork,whosebadgewasawhiterose.Thewarslastedforthirtyyearsfrom1455to1485.FromthesewarsEnglishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thefeudalnobilitywasmuchweakened
Causes:
Thenoblestriedtogainpoweranddominatethegovernment。
Noproperjobsforthemercenarysoldierssotheyfoughteachother。
TwobranchesofthePlantagenetfamily:
theHouseofLancastervs.theHouseofYork
DukeofYorktriedtodisplacetheLancasterking,HenryVI。
Name:
SirWalterScott–thebadgeoftheHouseofLancasterwasaredrose;thatofYorkawhiteone
Influences:
theextinguishingofsomanynoblesenabledEnglandtoshakeoffmuchofitsfeudalburdeninitscapitalistdevelopment.Thethinning-outoftheoldbaronystrengthenedthepositionoftheroyalhouseandpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofacentralizedadministration.HenryTudorasHenryVII,thefounderoftheTudorMonarchy;theendingoftheMiddleAges.
ChartistMovement(1836-1848)
Amassmovementoftheworkingclasstofightforequalpoliticalandsocialrights、
ThePeople’sCharter
Significance:
Theworkers’struggleforliberation。
Thefirstnationwideworkingclassmovement
Thefirstbroad,reallymass,politicallyformed,proletarianrevolutionarymovement–Lenin
Causeoffailure
Theparticularsocialconditions。
Leadershipwasweakforthelackofclosecooperationbetweendifferentparticipants。
Theworkingclasswasnotmature。
TheEnglishbourgeoisiewasnotadyingclass
Demandsofthe6pointswereachievedgraduallyovertheperiodof1858–1918,butthesixthwasnotpractical
HundredYears’War(1337-1453)theWarbetweenEnglandandFrance
Causes:
territorialandeconomicdisputes。
TogetbackthelostterritoryontheContinent。
Toexpandforeignmarkets。
SuspectedthatFrancehadbeengivingaidtotheScotsintheiroppositiontoEngland
InfluencesDeprivedtheEnglishkingofhispossessionsoftheContinent。
PavedthewayforthedevelopmentofseparateEnglishandFrenchnationalidentities。
Bi-linguisticperiodinEnglishhistorycametoandend
Todevelopthewoolentextileindustry。
Spedupthedeclineoffeudalism。
Increasedthepowerofthecentralgovernment。
Pushedthegrowingbourgeoisieontoahighersocialstatus
BlackDeath(1348)Thedeadlybubonicplague.AbouthalfthepopulationdiedinEngland,from4to2million
StartedinItaly,spreadtootherpartsofEurope
InfluencesShortageoflabour。
StatuteofLabourers:
itwasacrimeforpeasantstoaskformorewages
PolltaxestofundtheWar。
Discontentamongthepeasants
TheEnclosureActs:
圈地运动
Theclothindustryincreasedthevalueofwool,Raidingsheepbecamemoreprofitable.Thisinconsequenceencouragedthelandlordstoconvertarablelandandthe“Commons”intopastures.Latersomeofthenobilityandmerchantswhohadboughtupmanorsinthecountrysidestartedtoenclosethelandtoo.Largeareasoflandwereoftenhedgedorfencedwithoutanywarningtothepeasants.Thisprocess,whichstartedaftertheBlackDeath,wasknownastheEnclosureMovement.
影响:
Agricultureenclosurehadgoodaswellasbadresultes:
1.Farmsbecamebiggerandbiggerunitesasthegreatboughtupthesmall.
2.Morevegetables,moremilkandmoredairyproductswereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried.
3.Enclosurewasadisasterforthetenantsevictedfromtheirlandbytheenclosures.Thesepeasantfarmerswereforcedtolookforworkintowns,enclosureledtomassemigration,particularlytotheNewWorld.
4.Anewclasshostilitywasintroducedintoruralrelationships.
TheWelfareState
Itisasystemofgovernmentbywhichthest
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