文献翻译电子商务中英文对照.docx
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文献翻译电子商务中英文对照.docx
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文献翻译电子商务中英文对照
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目:
ElectronicCommerce
外文文献:
ElectronicCommerce
Electroniccommerce,orElectronictrade,orelectronicbusinessasanewlyrisingmodeofcommercewillhavefar-reachinginfluenceonsocialeconomyandplayanimportantroleinsocialdevelopmentworldwide.Itrepresentsthetrendofworldtradeinthe21stcenturyandbeyond.
1.WhatisElectronicCommerce?
Electroniccommercereferstocommercialdataexchangeindigitalformthroughelectronictransmissionmeansandcommercialactivitiesconductedon-line.Usually,electroniccommercecanbedividedintotwolevels:
Oneislow-levelelectroniccommercethatis,electroniccommercialintelligence,electronictrade,andelectroniccontracts.Anotherishigh-levelelectroniccommercewhichincludesallcommercialactivitiesdoneviaInternet,rangingfromsearchingforclients,commercialnegotia-tion,makingorders,on-linepayment,releasingelectronicinvoice,toelectronicdec-larationtoCustoms,electronictax-payment,allconductedonInternet.
Electroniccommercemeanselectrificationofalltradetransactions.Itisfeaturedbythesecharacters:
①fairnessandfreedom,②highefficiency,③globalization,④virtualization,⑤interactivity,⑥autonomy,⑦personalizedservice.Withelectroniccommerce,clientsandsupplierscancloselyandconvenientlycontactwitheachotheronaglobalscale,sothatclientscanfindsatisfactorysuppliersfromallcomersoftheworldtomeettheirdemands.
Electroniccommercewillchangetheenvironmentinwhichenterprisescompetewitheachotherandreducecostswhichwouldotherwisebehighintraditionalmarketstructure.Lowcostsintransactions,convenienceinmarketentryandgovernmentencouragementtouseInternet(exemptionfromtax)activateelectroniccommerceandboostittodeveloprapidlyrightfromitsbeginning.Asexpertspredicted,by2000,electroniccommercewouldreachascaleof300billionUSdollarsworldwide.Andithasexceededthisscale.
Toensuresecurityofelectroniccommerce,anelectroniccertificationcentershouldbeestablished.DigitalIDisusedtovalidateidentity.Digital11istrustedtoathirdparty,namely,anauthorizedagency,torelease,includingidentifyinginforma-tionoftheholder(name,address,liaisonway,IDcardnumber),anencryptivekeyforcommonusebythebothparties,periodofvalidity,passwordandidentificationin-formationoftheauthorizedagency,etc.WithdigitalID,bothpartiesintransactionscanbeassuredofidentifyingtheotherpartyandvalidatethattheinformationsentoutfromtheotherpartyhasnotbeensubjecttoalteration.
2.InfluenceThatElectronicCommerceMayHave
Comparedwithtraditionalcommerce,electroniccommercehassuperioritiesasfollows
*Extensivecoverage.AnetworksystemcombiningInternet,Intranet(localareanetworkinsideenterprises)andExtranet(networksoutsideenterprises)enablesbuy-ers,sellers,manufacturersandtheirpartnerstocontactwitheachotherandconven-ientlytransmitcommercialintelligenceanddocumentsworldwide.
*Completefunctions.Inelectroniccommerce,usersofdifferenttypesandondif-ferenttierscanrealizedifferenttargetsintrade,forexample,releasingcommercialintelligence,on-linenegotiation,electronicpayment,establishmentofvirtualcom-mercialmarketplaceandon-linebanking,etc.
*Convenienceandflexibilityinuse..BasedonInternet,electroniccommerceisfreefromrestrictionbyspecializedprotocolfordataexchange.Transactionscanbeconductedconvenientlyoncomputerscreen,byusinganytypeofPCs,atanyplacearoundtheworld.
*Lowcost.Useofelectroniccommercecancutdowncostsforhiringemployees,maintainingwarehouseandstorefront,expenseforinternationaltravelandpostagetoagreatextent.ThecostforusingInternetisverylow.
Electroniccommercewillhavesubstantialinfluenceonsocialeconomy:
*Electroniccommercewillchangethewaypeopleusedtotakeincommercialac-tivities.Throughnetworks,peoplecanentervirtualstoresandbrowsearound,selectwhattheyareinterestedin,andenjoyvariouson-lineservices.Ontheotherhand,merchantscancontactwithconsumersthroughnetworks,decideonbuyingingoods(categoriesandquantities)andperformsettlementofaccounts.Governmentagenciescanperformelectronictenderingandpursuegovernmentpurchasethroughnetworks.
*Thecoreofelectroniccommerceispeople.Itisasocialsystem.On-lineshop-pingchangesthewayofpeople'sdailylifeandfullyembodiesautonomyofconsum-ersintrade.
*Electroniccommercechangesthewayenterprisesproducetheirgoods.Throughnetworks,manufacturersknowmarketdemanddirectlyandmakearrangementofproduction,inaccordancewithconsumers'need.
*Electroniccommercedramaticallyraisesefficiencyoftrade.Intermediatelinkscanbecutdown;costsforsaleswillbereducedtominimum.Productioncanbear-rangedin"smallbatchesplusdiversevarieties",and"zerostock"willbereality.
*Electroniccommercecallsforreformationofbankingservices.Newconceptslikeon-linebank,on-linecashcardandcreditcard,on-linesettlementofaccounts,electronicinvoice,electronic"cash"-consumerswillnolongerusetherealcashwhenshopping-willbecomereality.
*Electroniccommercewillchangegovernmentbehavior.Called"on-linegov-ernment",anon-lineadministrationplaystheimportantroleofasocialchannel,maintainingorderandfairnessanddetectingandcrackingdownon-linefraud.
3.ThePresentSituationofElectronicCommerceinDevelopedCountries
Inthemid-1990s,whenInternetexperiencedexplosivedevelopmentandmicro-computersenteredhomesingreatnumbers,computernetworksbecameanindispen-sablepartofpeople'sdailylife.Peopleexpectformoreinterestsandconveniencebroughtinbycomputernetworks.ElectronicCommerceemergedjustintime.Inde-velopedcountries,governmentstimelymadepoliciestoboostelectroniccommercetopracticaluseanddominantpositioninanewroundofworldwidecompetition.
In1998,InternethelpedtheUnitedStatestocreateproductiveoutputof507bil-lionUSdollars,nationalincomeof301billionUSdollars,and1.2millionjobop-portunities;ofthese,electroniccommercecreatedanincomeof100billionUSdollars.Internethasbe-comethefirstbigindustrywithyearlyproductiveoutputincreasingby60%,andaccountingfor6%ofGDP.ServiceexportfromtheUnitedStateshasat-tained160billionUSdollarseachyear,anditispredictedthatitcancompensatetradedeficitincommoditytrade.Internetplayedanimportantroleinpromotingex-portfromtheUnitedStates:
in1999,books,automobilesandservicesweresoldthroughelectroniccommercetoforeigncountries,exceeding102billionUSdollars.
AdvocatedbytheUnitedStates,132membersofWTOdecidedtoturnInternetintoafreetradezonewithinatleastone-yearterm.Somecountriesandorganizationsscrambledtoworkoutdevelopmentframeworkforelectroniccommerceandmadelawsandregulationsfordevelopingelectroniccommerce.In1996,theUNConfer-enceonTradeandDevelopmentpassed"ModelLawofElectronicCommerce".InDecember,1996,theUSgovernmentissued"PolicyFrameworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce".InApril1997,EuropeanUnionissued"ProposalforElectronicCom-merceinEurope".OnJuly11997,USPresidentClintonpromulgated"AframeworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce"whichhashadgreatinfluenceonglobalelectroniccommerce.InMay1998,WTOministerconferencepassed"AManifestoonGlobalElectronicCommerce",andinSeptember1998,WTOgeneralcouncilpassed"SchemeforElectronicCommerceWork".InOctober1998,UNOrganizationofEconomyandCooperation&Development(OECD)heldministerconferenceatOttawa,Canadaonelectroniccommerce,whichispraisedasamilestoneofglobalelectroniccommerce.InSeptember1999,GlobalBusinessDialogonElectronicCommerce(GBDE)washeldinFranceandis-sued"ParisProposal".InDecember1999,theUnitedStatesissuedanotherInternetcommercestandard.
ElectroniccommerceintheUnitedStatestakesthereinofthetradeintheworld.Atpresent,thereare60millionsubscribersofInternetintheUnitedStates.Morethan98%ofpurchasingmanagersseektargetson-line.Asestimated,by2002,thevalueinvolvedintransactionsdonethroughelectroniccommercebetweenUSenterpriseswillaccountfor6.1%ofGDP.Fortunemagazine'sstatisticsshowthe500topcom-paniesintheworldallengagedinon-linebusiness.25%ofincometoIBM(about20billionUSdollars)isrelatedwithelectroniccommerce.Thankstoelectroniccom-merce,IBMsaveditsexpensesof250millionUSdollarsduring1999.HPCompanydesignateditselectronicCommercesolutionasE-world-anelectronizedworld.Thissolutionisorientedtomedium-andsmall-sizeenterprises,andgreatinvestmentwasmadetothirdparties-softwarecompaniestodevelopsoftwaresuitedformedium-andsmall-sizeenterprisestoengageinelectroniccommerce.Intelplacesitsriskyinvest-mentmainlyonInternetandelectroniccommerce.InJuly1998,Intelbeganon-linetransactionsItsmonthlybusinessturnelectroniccommercereachedonebillionUSdollars.
AsasurveymadebyEuropeanInformationTechnologyObservationshows,ofthesurveyed570companies,47%haveimplementedelectroniccommerceofsomesorts,and4/5ofthembegantheirelectroniccommerceinthelatesttwoyears.Execu-tiveCommitteeofEuropeanUnionplansatleast25%ofitspurchasedonethroughelectroniccommerceby2001.In1998,inAustralia,websitesrelatedwithelectroniccommerceonInternetdoubledinnumber,and11%ofAustralianenterpriseshavetheirwebsites.80%ofAustraliancompaniesuseInternettotransmitE-mailsandcond
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