六级冲刺试题2.docx
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六级冲刺试题2.docx
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六级冲刺试题2
冲刺试题二
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledToIssueConsumptionCouponsorNot?
Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.
1.目前有些地方发放消费券以刺激经济
2.是否应该发放消费券,人们看法不一
3.我认为……
ToIssueConsumptionCouponsorNot?
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PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
SustainableCommunities
AccordingtotheWorldWildlifeFund,peoplearecurrentlyusingresources25percentfasterthantheycanbereplaced.Ifwecontinuedownthiscourse,wewillneedasecondplanetbytheyear2050.Sustainablecommunitiesattempttochangethatcoursebydrasticallyalteringhowcitizensinteractwiththeenvironment.
Alternativelyknownasgreencommunitiesorecovillages(生态村),sustainablecommunitiesvaryintheirapproachestosustainableliving,orawayoflifethatmeetsthepopulation’sbasicneedsinwaysthatcanbecontinuedindefinitelyforfuturegenerations.Somecommunitiesfocussolelyonenrichingtheenvironment,whileothersalsoaimtoimprovesocialandeconomicconditionsaswell.
CharacteristicsofSustainableLivingCommunities
Sustainablecommunitiesgenerallystrivetominimizewaste,reduceconsumptionandpreserveopenspace.Ideally,theydon’tuseresourcesfasterthantheycanbereplaced,andtheydon’tproducewastefasterthanitcanbeassimilatedbackintotheenvironment.Granted,somecommunitiesaremoreradicalthanothers—livingentirelyoffthegridandeschewing(避开)theuseofgovernment-printedmoney—butthebasicprinciplesaresimilar.
Designingtheneighborhoodtoencouragewalkingorbicyclingisonewaysustainablecommunitiesputthesefirsttwoprinciplesintopractice.Lessdrivingmeanslessgasandemissions.Manyecovillagesalsoincorporateworkspaceintohomesorencouragetelecommuting.Theyalsomightzonepartofthedevelopmentforcommercialuse,essentiallymakingthecommunityaself-containedenvironmentwhereresidentsdon’tevenhavetoleaveforshoppingorentertainment.Thisdesignsometimesiscalledalive-work-playlifestyle.
Usinggreenbuildingtechniquesisanotherstapleofsustainablecommunities.Hereareafewexamples:
·Architectsdesignbuildingstotakeadvantageofthesun’slightingandheatingcapabilities.
·Theyinstallenergy-efficientappliances.
·Theytrytouselocalsourcesofmaterialsasmuchaspossibletocutbackontheenvironmentalcostsoftransport.
·Theybuildwithdurable,non-toxicmaterialsthathaveeitherbeenrecycledorsustainablyharvested.
Youmightseestrawbale(草捆)houses,whichessentiallyusebalesofstrawasthestructuralbuildingblocks;cobhouses,whichareamixofstraw,clayandsandorearthbaghomes,whichareexactlywhattheysoundlike,homesmadeoutofbagsofdirt.
Alongwithgreenbuildingtechniques,sustainablecommunitiesrelyongreengardeningmethods.Theylandscapewithnative,drought-tolerantplantsandraisethemorganicallytoreducewaterandkeeppesticidesandherbicidesoutoftheenvironment.
Manycommunitiesalsosetasideasignificantportionoftheirlandasopenspace.Serenbe,forexample,reserves80percentofits900acresforgreenspace;thatis720acresofrollinghills,woodsandstreamsfreeofdevelopment,quiteacontrasttotheconcrete-ladenurbansprawlofAtlantajust32milesaway.
Anotherwaysustainablecommunitiesreducetheirecologicalfootprintisbycapturingandrecyclingtheirwastes,oftencreatingtheirowncontainednaturalcycles.Insteadoftreatingnormallyperceivedwasteproductssuchasrainwaterandsewageaspollutiontobegottenridof,residentsturnthemintoresources.Sewage,forexample,isturnedintocompostthatfertilizesplantsandincreasessoilproductivity,whilecapturedrainwateriscleansedthroughinnovativefilteringsystemsandreusedofwateringplants.
ExamplesofSustainableCommunities
Morethan400ecovillagesexistintheworld,accordingtotheGlobalEcovillageNetworkdatabase.Thefollowingexamplesoutlinelifeinjusttwoofthesecommunities.
DancingRabbitEcovillage,Missouri.
DancingRabbitEcovillageisadevelopingcommunityinnortheasternMissouriwithfar-reachinggoals.Itaimstobeanentirelyself-relianttownthatpractices“radicalenvironmentalsustainability”,accordingtothecommunity’sWebsite.Thetown’sfoundershopetoattractbetween500and1,000residentstocreateadiversecommunitymorecapableofprovidingforallofitsownneeds.DancingRabbitevenhasitsownlocalcurrencytoencouragelocaltradingandsourcingofjobs.
Theecovillagehasestablishedasetofsixguidelinesthatmayseemextremetothelazyenvironmentalistsamongus,butshouldsetthetownwellonitswaytowardsachievingsustainability.
1.Novehiclesaretobeusedorstoredinthevillage.
2.Fossilfuelsforcars,refrigeration,heatingandcoolinghomes,aswellheatingdomesticwateraren’tallowed.
3.Allgardeningmustbeorganic.
4.Allpowermustcomefromrenewableresources.
5.Nolumberfromoutsidethelocalareaisallowedunlessitisrecycledorsalvaged.
6.Organicwasteandrecyclablematerialsaretobereincorporatedintousableproductsthroughcompostingmethods.
Longterm,DancingRabbitcitizensaretryingtoachievenegativepopulationgrowth.Iftheywantthecurrent50orsoresidentstobecome500or1,000,theymaywanttorethinkthatlastguideline.
LosAngelesEcovillage,California.
Youmightthinksustainablecommunitieshavetobesetinthecountry,butthat’snottrue.LocatedjustthreemileswestofdowntownLosAngeles,theLosAngelesEcovillage(LAEV)isacommunityof500residentsseekingtohaveminimalimpactontheenvironmentwhilealsoprovidingafulfillingwayoflife.Theurbanlocationnearpublictransit,schools,churches,commercialservicesandindustryhelpsresidentsdriveless,whilethedozensofgardensandfruittreesprovidealocalsourceoffood.
LAEVtakesawhole-systemsapproachtosustainability,meaningthatresidentsstrivetobalancethesocial,economicandenvironmentalneedsofthecommunity.Here,cleanwaterandairrankuptherewithclose-knitrelationships,ethnicdiversityandaffordablehousing.Citizenshavesaved20tonsofbrickfromthelandfilltouseinconstructionprojects,compostedover100cubicyardsofyardwasteandheldcountlessweeklypotluckdinnerstoestablishandstrengthenrelationships.Whoknewthatsustainabilitycouldbepossibleeveninoneofthelargest,mostpollutedcitiesintheUnitedStates?
OtherEco-FriendlyCommunities
Residentsofthetwosustainablecommunitieswejustdiscusseddeliberatelyplacedsustainabilityatthetopoftheiragenda.Butcommunitiesspringupforlotsofreasonsnotrelatedtotheenvironment,andsometimestheEarthbenefits.
Before“green”wasthenewbuzzwordandsustainabilitywascool,OldOrderAmishcommunitieswerequietlyco-existingwiththeplanetsincetheearly18thcentury.Whilemembersofthisreligiousgroupdidn’tconsciouslydeveloptheirwayoflifetohelptheenvironment,theirsimplefarm-basedlivingdoesn’thurtit.
TheAmishusehorsestopowertheirfarmequipmentandtogetaround.Theirhomeshavenoelectricity;instead,theyuselanterns(灯笼)forlight.Instarkcontrasttotherampantconsumerismvisibleinmanycountries,theAmishdonotownthingstheydon’tneed.Theywearsimpleclothes,andtheirhousesaresparselyfurnished.Amishcommunitiesdidn’thaveto“returntotheearth”toachievetheirbrandofsustainability.Theywerethereallalong.
Cohousingdevelopmentsofferanotherexampleofalivingarrangementthatunwittingly(未觉察地)practicessustainability.Thesedevelopmentstypicallyaredesignedtoencourageandstrengthensocialrelationships,ratherthantotreadlightlyontheenvironment,but,asitturnsout,thetwooftengohandinhand.Althoughresidentsinacohousingdevelopmentenjoytheprivacyoftheirownhomes,theyshareacommonbuildingandotherresources.
Sharingmajorapplianceslikewashingmachines,powertoolsandheavyequipmentforcesyoutointeractwithyourneighborswhilereducingresourceuse.Inaddition,itallowsindividualhousestobesmaller,which,alongwiththeclusteredarrangementofhomes,preservesland.Peoplewhoowncars(somepeoplesharecars)parkthemonthesides
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