普通物理学机械波知识点总结Summary of knowledge of mechanical waves in general physics.docx
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普通物理学机械波知识点总结Summary of knowledge of mechanical waves in general physics.docx
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普通物理学机械波知识点总结Summaryofknowledgeofmechanicalwavesingeneralphysics
普通物理学机械波知识点总结(Summaryofknowledgeofmechanicalwavesingeneralphysics)
75.mechanicalwaveform:
thevibrationtoacertainspeedfromtheneartothedistantintheelasticmediumspreadout.
The76.wavesourceandtheelasticmediumaretwonecessaryconditionsforgeneratingmechanicalwaves.
77.transversewave:
thedirectionoftheparticlevibrationandthedirectionofwavepropagationareperpendiculartoeachother.
78.longitudinalwave:
thedirectionofthevibrationoftheparticlesofthemediumandthedirectionofwavepropagationareparalleltoeachother.
79.wavesurface(inthesamedirection):
inthewavepropagationprocess,atanytime,themediumvibrationphaseofthesamepointintothesurface
80.wavefront(wavefront):
atsomepointthewavepropagatestothefrontofthewavefront.
81.thewavewhosesurfaceissphericaliscalledsphericalwave.Thewavewhoseplanesurfaceisplaneiscalledplanewave.Thewavewhosesurfaceiscylindricaliscalledcylindricalwave.
82.makesomearrowlinesalongthedirectionofthewave.Thisiscalledthewaveline.Thedirectionofthewavelineindicatesthedirectionofwavepropagation.Inanisotropichomogeneousmedium,thewavelineisperpendiculartothewavesurface.
83.simpleharmonic:
ifthevibrationpropagatesinthemediumistheharmonicvibration,andthewavegoeseverywhere,inthemediumeachparticlemakesthesamefrequency,thesameamplitudeharmonicvibration,thiskindofwaveiscalledthesimpleharmonic.Ifthewavesurfaceofaharmonicwaveisplane,thensuchharmonicwaveiscalledplanesimpleharmonic.
84.thevibrationequationoftheparticle:
(Aisamplitude,Omegaisangularfrequency,initialphase)
85.wavefunctionofplaneharmonicwave(waveequation):
(foranypointatanypointonthewaveline,theparticleofPisthedisplacementofharmonicvibration.
86.wavelength(wavelength):
thedistancebetweentwoadjacentparticleswithaphasedifferenceof2pionthesamewavelineiscalledwavelength.
Theperiodofthe87.wave(T):
thetimerequiredforthewavetotravelonewavelengthiscalledthecycleofthewave.
The88.wavefrequency(V):
reciprocalfrequencyperiodiscalled,inaunitoftime,thenumberoffullwavewaveadvancedistance.
89.awavesourcewithacertainperiodofvibrationandfrequency.Thefrequencyandfrequencyofthewavesinducedindifferentmediaarethesame,independentofthenatureofthemedium.
90.thepropagationvelocityofvibrationinmediumiscalledwavevelocity.
91.
(1)wavevelocityisdependentonlyonthenatureofthemediumtransmittedbythewave,irrespectiveofthefrequencyofthewave.
(2)thefrequencyofwaveisthesameasthatofvibrationsource,anditisindependentofwavepropagatingmedium.(3)thewavelengthisrelatedtothewavevelocityandthefrequencyofthewave.
92.importantcharacteristicsofthewaveprocess:
thepropagationofmechanicalenergywiththepropagationofwaves.
93.energyandvelocityupropagatewiththewaveinamedium,inahomogeneousisotropicmedium.Thevelocityanddirectionofpropagationofenergyarealwaysthesameasthoseofwavepropagationandpropagation.Theaboveanalysiscanbeusedtosaythewavepropagationprocess,i.e.,thepropagationofenergy.
Theenergydensityofthe94.wave:
theenergyofwaveinaunitvolumeiscalledtheenergydensityofthewave.(wherepisthedensityofthemedium,Aamplitude,Omegaistheangularfrequency.)
95.energyfluxdensity:
theaverageenergyperunitareaperpendiculartothewavevelocityinaunittimeiscalledtheenergyflowdensityofawave.Astheintensityofthewaveflowdensity,shortwave.Thesizeandintensityofwaveamplitudeisproportionaltothesquare.Namely.
Absorptionofthe96.wave:
whenthewavepropagatesinthemedium,themediumalwaysabsorbssomeoftheenergyofthewave,sotheintensityofthewavewillgraduallydecrease.Thisphenomenonistheabsorptionofwave.
97.:
theHuygensprinciplemovinginfrontofanarbitrarypointcanberegardedassecondarysourcesfromthenewwave,eachpointontheissuemanytimeswaveenvelopeformation,thenewwaveistheoriginalsurfaceinacertainperiodoftimetospread.
Diffractionofthe98.wave:
whenthewaveencountersobstaclesinpropagation,itspropagationdirectionchanges.Andcanbypasstheedgeofthebarrierandcontinuetomoveforward.
Theprincipleofsuperpositionofwave99.:
inthemeetingarea,atanypointoftheparticlevibration,vibrationforthewavealonecausedbyvibration,thatatanymoment,theparticledisplacementisthewavewhentheyarealoneinthecauseanddisplacementvectorand.
100.coherentwaves:
thesuperpositionofwaveswiththesamefrequency,thesamevibrationdirection,thesamephaseortheconstantphasedifferenceoftwowaves.Thewavesatisfyingthesethreeconditionsiscalledcoherentwave,andthesourceofcoherentwaveiscalledcoherentwavesource.
101.standingwave:
theamplitudeandvibrationdirectionandfrequencyofthetwocolumnsarethesame,andthecoherentwaveoftheoppositedirectionofthepropagationissuperposedtoformastandingwave.
102.Dopplereffect:
thephenomenonthattheobserverreceivesadifferentfrequencyfromthesourceofthewaveduetothemovementoftheobserver(receiver)orthewavesourcetwoatthesametimerelativetothemedium.
The103.waveseesmovement:
waveviewstatic:
104.thechargeorchargesystemthatdoesacceleratedmotionisthesourceofelectromagneticwaves.
105.acceleratingelectricchargeorchargemovementproduceschangesinthesurroundingspace,changesoftheelectricfieldarechangingmagneticfield,magneticfieldandelectricfieldchangechange,sotostimulateeachother,withthepassageoftime,producedthepropagationofelectromagneticwavesinspace,alsocalledelectromagneticwave.
Onehundredandsix
ElectromagneticwaveisthevectorwaveofelectricfieldintensityEandmagneticfieldintensityH.
107.thebasiccharacteristicsofplaneharmonicelectromagneticwave:
(1)electromagneticfieldvectorEandHexistatthesamelocation,havethesamephase,andpropagateatthesamespeed.
(2)EandHareperpendiculartoeachother,andbothofthemareperpendiculartothedirectionofwavepropagation.Thethree,E,Handusatisfytherightspiralrelation,whichindicatesthatelectromagneticwaveistransversewave.TheplanecomposedofEandHandtheirpropagationdirectionsiscalledthevibrationsurfaceofEandthevibrationsurfaceofH.EandHvibrateintheirrespectivevibrationsurfacesrespectively.Thispropertyiscalledpolarization,andonlyS-wavehaspolarization.(3)atanypointinspace,thereisavaluebetweentheEandtheH:
.(4)thepropagationspeedofelectromagneticwavedependsonthedielectricconstantanddielectricpermeabilityofthemedium.(5)electromagneticwavesreflectandrefractattheinterfaceoftwodifferentmediums.TheratiooftherateofelectromagneticwaveinvacuumtoCandtherateinacertainmediumiscalledtheabsoluterefractiveindexnofthemedium,referredtoastherefractiveindex..
108.theenergythattheelectromagneticwavecarriesiscalledradiationenergy.
109.unittimeistransmittedbyverticalelectromagneticwave.Theradiationenergyperunitareaiscalledenergydensity,alsoknownaswaveintensity.
110.theenergydensityofelectricfieldandmagneticfieldarerespectively:
.Therefore,thetotalenergydensityoftheelectromagneticfieldis:
111.inoptics,theaverageenergydensityIiscalledlightintensity:
The112.pathisanequivalentamountofpropagationtimeinthesameorcorrespondingchangeunderthesameconditions,thelightpropagationinthemediumdistanceequivalenttocorrespondingdistanceoflightintheairisspread,invalue,equaltothecorrespondingrefractiveindexopticalpathdistancemultipliedbythelightpropagationinthemedium,invalue,equaltothepaththerefractiveindexofthemediummultipliedbythelightpropagationinthemedium.
113.luminousobjectsarecalledlightsources.
114.commonluminescenceprocesses:
(1)thermalradiation
(2)electroluminescence(3)photoluminescence(5)chemiluminescence.
115.light:
parallelinterferenceofthesamefrequencyanddirectionofvibration,harmonicwavebeamsofconstantphasedifferencemeet,overlapinsomelight,somesyntheticintensityishigherthantheintensityanddivided,inotherareaslessthantheintensityandsynthesisoflightintensity,lightintensityoflightintensityofinterferencefringesformedinsynthesisphase,stabledistributioninthespace,calledtheinterferenceoflight.Thesuperpositionoflightwavesiscalledcoherentsuperposition,andcoherentbeamscanbegeneratedbycoherentsuperpositionoftwobeamsoflight.Theconditionofcoherentsuperpositioniscalledcoherentcondition.Ifthetwobeamsoflightdonotsatisfythecoherentsuperpositioncondition,intheoverlappedregionofthelightwave,thesyntheticlightintensityisequaltothesumoftheintensityofthepoints,andnointerferenceoccurs,atwhichpointthesuperpositionoftwobeamsoflightiscalledincoherentsuperposition.
116.theinterferenceconditionsoftwobeamsareasfollows:
(1)thesamefrequency;
(2)thephasedifferenceisconstant;(3)thevibrationdirectionoftheopticalvectorisparallel.
117.,theopticalpathisaconvertedquantity.Whenthetimeofpropagationisthesameorthephasechangesthesame,thedistanceoflightpropagationinthemediumisreducedtothecorrespondingdistanceoflightpropagationinvacuum.Numerically,theopticalpat
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