剑桥雅思10阅读A.docx
- 文档编号:27892118
- 上传时间:2023-07-06
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:50
- 大小:242.78KB
剑桥雅思10阅读A.docx
《剑桥雅思10阅读A.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《剑桥雅思10阅读A.docx(50页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
剑桥雅思10阅读A
TEST1
READINGPASSAGE1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.
Stepwells
Amillenniumago,stepwellswerefundamentaltolifeinthedriest
partsofIndia.RichardCoxtravelledtonorth-westernIndiato
documentthesespectacularmonumentsfromabygoneera
Duringthesixthandseventhcenturies,theinhabitantsofthemodern-daystatesofGujaratandRajasthaninnorth-westernIndiadevelopedamethodofgainingaccesstoclean,freshgroundwaterduringthedryseasonfordrinking,bathing,wateringanimalsandirrigation.However,thesignificanceofthisinvention-thestepwell-goesbeyonditsutilitarianapplication.
Uniquetothisregion,stepwellsareoftenarchitecturallycomplexandvarywidelyinsizeandshape.Duringtheirheyday,theywereplacesofgathering,ofleisureandrelaxationandofworshipforvillagersofallbutthelowestclasses.MoststepwellsarefounddottedroundthedesertareasofGujarat(wheretheyarecalledvav)andRajasthan(wheretheyarecalledbaori),whileafewalsosurviveinDelhi.Somewerelocatedinornearvillagesaspublicspacesforthecommunity;otherswerepositionedbesideroadsasrestingplacesfortravellers.
Astheirnamesuggests,stepwellscompriseaseriesofstonestepsdescendingfromgroundleveltothewatersource(normallyanundergroundaquifer)asitrecedesfollowingtherains.Whenthewaterlevelwashigh,theuserneededonlytodescendafewstepstoreachit;whenitwaslow,severallevelswouldhavetobenegotiated.
Somewellsarevast,opencraterswithhundredsofstepspavingeachslopingside,oftenintiers.Othersaremoreelaborate,withlongsteppedpassagesleadingtothewaterviaseveralstoreys.Builtfromstoneandsupportedbypillars,theyalsoincludedpavilionsthatshelteredvisitorsfromtherelentlessheat.Butperhapsthemostimpressivefeaturesaretheintricatedecorativesculpturesthatembellishmanystepwells,showingactivitiesfromfightinganddancingtoeverydayactssuchaswomencombingtheirhairorchurningbutter.
Downthecenturies,thousandsofwellswereconstructedthroughoutnorthwesternIndia,butthemajorityhavenowfallenintodisuse;manyarederelictanddry,asgroundwaterhasbeendivertedforindustrialuseandthewellsnolongerreachthewatertable.Theirconditionhasn’tbeenhelpedbyrecentdryspells:
southernRajasthansufferedaneight-yeardroughtbetween1996and2004.
However,someimportantsitesinGujarathaverecentlyundergonemajorrestoration,andthestategovernmentannouncedinJunelastyearthatitplanstorestorethestepwellsthroughoutthestate.
InPatan,thestate’sancientcapital,thestepwellofRaniKiVav(Queen’sStepwell)isperhapsthefinestcurrentexample.ItwasbuiltbyQueenUdayamatiduringthelatethecentury,butbecamesiltedupfollowingafloodduringthe13thcentury.ButtheArchaeologicalSurveyofIndiabeganrestoringitinthe1960s,andtodayitisinpristinecondition.At65metreslong,20metreswideand27metresdeep,RaniKiVavfeatures500sculpturescarvedintonichesthroughoutthemonument.Incredibly,inJanuary2001,thisancientstructuresurvivedanearthquakethatmeasured7.6ontheRichterscale.
AnotherexampleistheSuryaKundinModhera,northernGujarat,nexttotheSunTemple,builtbyKingBhimaIin1026tohonourthesungodSurya.Itactuallyresemblesatank(kundmeansreservoirorpond)ratherthanawell,butdisplaysthehallmarksofstepwellarchitecture,includingfoursidesofstepsthatdescendtothebottominastunninggeometricalformation.Theterraceshouse108small,intricatelycarvedshrinesbetweenthesetsofsteps.
Rajasthanalsohasawealthofwells.TheancientcityofBundi,200kilometressouthofJaipur,isrenownedforitsarchitecture,includingitsstepwells.
OneofthelargerexamplesisRanijiKiBaori,whichwasbuiltbythequeenoftheregion,Nathavatji,in1699.At46metresdeep,20metreswideand40metreslong,theintricatelycarvedmonumentisoneof21baoriscommissionedintheBundiareabyNathavatji.
IntheoldruinedtownofAbhaneri,about95kilometreseastofJaipur,isChandBaori,oneofIndia’soldestanddeepestwells;aestheticallyit’sperhapsoneofthemostdramatic.Builtinaround850ADnexttothetempleofHarshatMata,thebaoricompriseshundredsofzigzaggingstepsthatrunalongthreeofitssides,steeplydescending11storeys,resultinginastrikingpatternwhenseenfromafar.Onthefourthside,verandaswhicharesupportedbyornatepillarsoverlookthesteps.
StillinpublicuseisNeemranaKiBaori,locatedjustofftheJaipur-Delhihighway.Constructedinaround1700,itisninestoreysdeep,withthelasttwobeingunderwater.Atgroundlevel,thereare86colonnadedopeningsfromwherethevisitordescends170stepstothedeepestwatersource.
Today,followingyearsofneglect,manyofthesemonumentstomedievalengineeringhavebeensavedbytheArchaeologicalSurveyofIndia,whichhasrecognisedtheimportanceofpreservingthemaspartofthecountry’srichhistory.Touristsflocktowellsinfar-flungcornersofnorthwesternIndiatogazeinwonderatthesearchitecturalmarvelsfromhundredsofyearsago,whichserveasareminderofboththeingenuityandartistryofancientcivilisationsandofthevalueofwatertohumanexistence.
Questions1-5
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?
Inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet,write
TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis
1Examplesofancientstepwellscanbefoundallovertheworld.
2Stepwellshadarangeoffunctions,inadditiontothoserelatedtowatercollection.
3ThefewexistingstepwellsinDelhiaremoreattractivethanthosefoundelsewhere.
4Ittookworkersmanyyearstobuildthestonestepscharacteristicofstepwells.
5Thenumberofstepsabovethewaterlevelinastepwellalteredduringthecourseofayear.
Questions6-8
Answerthequestionsbelow.
ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes6-8onyouranswersheet.
6Whichpartofsomestepwellsprovidedshadeforpeople?
7Whattypeofseriousclimaticevent,whichtookplaceinsouthernRajasthan,ismentionedinthearticle?
8Whoarefrequentvisitorstostepwellsnowadays?
Questions9-13
Completethetablebelow.
ChooseONEWORDAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.
Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.
Stepwell
Date
Features
Othernotes
RaniKiVav
late11thcentury
Asmanyas500
sculpturesdecoratethe
monument
Restoredinthe1960s
Excellentcondition,despitethe
9__________of2001
SuryaKund
1026
Stepsonthe
10__________producea
geometricalpattern
Carvedshrines
Looksmorelikea
11__________thanawell
RanijiKi
Baori
1699
Intricatelycarved
monument
Oneof21baorisinthearea
commissionedbyQueen
Nathavatji
ChandBaori
850AD
stepstakeyoudown11
storeystothebottom
Old,deepandverydramatic
Has12__________whichprovideaviewofthesteps
Neemrana
KiBaori
1700
Hastwo13__________
levels
Usedbypublictoday
READINGPASSAGE2
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2onthefollowingpages.
Questions14-21
ReadingPassage2hasnineparagraphs,A-I.
ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA-EandG-Ifromthelistofheadingsbelow.
Writethecorrectnumber,i-xi,inboxes14-21onyouranswersheet.
14ParagraphA
15ParagraphB
16ParagraphC
17ParagraphD
18ParagraphE
19ParagraphG
20ParagraphH
21ParagraphI
EUROPEANTRANSPORTSYSTEMS
1990-2010
Whathavebeenthetrendsandwhataretheprospectsfor
Europeantransportsystems?
AItisdifficulttoconceiveofvigorouseconomicgrowthwithoutanefficienttransportsystem.Althoughmoderninformationtechnologiescanreducethedemandforphysicaltransportbyfacilitatingteleworkingandteleservices,therequirementfortransportcontinuestoincrease.Therearetwokeyfactorsbehindthistrend.Forpassengertransport,thedeterminingfactoristhespectaculargrowthincaruse.ThenumberofcarsonEuropeanUnion[EU]roadssawanincreaseofthreemillioncarseachyearfrom1990to2010,andinthenextdecadetheEUwillseeafurthersubstantialincreaseinitsfleet.
BAsfarasgoodstransportisconcerned,growthisduetoalargeextenttochangesintheEuropeaneconomyanditssystemofproduction.Inthelast20years,asinternalfrontiershavebeenabolished,theEUhasmovedfroma‘stock’economytoa‘flow’economy.Thisphenomenonhasbeenemphasisedbytherelocationofsomeindustries,particularlythosewhicharelabourintensive,toreduceproductioncosts,eventhoughtheproductionsiteishundredsoreventhousandsofkilometresawayfromthefinalassemblyplantorawayfromusers.
CThestrongeconomicgrowthexpectedincountrieswhicharecandidatesforentrytotheEUwillalsoincreasetransportflows,inparticularroadhaulagetraffic.In1998,someofthesecountriesalreadyexportedmorethantwicetheir1990volumesandimportedmorethanfivetimestheir1990volumes.Andalthoughmanycandidatecountriesinheritedatransportsystemwhichencouragesrail,thedistributionbetweenmodeshastippedsharplyinfavourofroadtransportsincethe1990s.Between1990and1998,roadhaulageincreasedby19.4%,whileduringthesameperiodrailhaulagedecreasedby43.5%,although-andthiscouldbenefittheenlargedEU-itisstillonaverageatamuchhigherlevelthaninexi
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 剑桥 雅思 10 阅读