高考整理 八年英语真题分类专项训练试题阅读理解专题3 生态环保类附答案.docx
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高考整理 八年英语真题分类专项训练试题阅读理解专题3 生态环保类附答案.docx
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高考整理八年英语真题分类专项训练试题阅读理解专题3生态环保类附答案
第一部分阅读理解
考点3生态环保类
1.(2017新课标Ⅲ)
Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.FourteenwolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopulationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.
GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalUnitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshadpracticallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.TheywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsofCanada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.
Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—majorfoodsources(来源)forthewolf–grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalsogrewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark’sredfoxes,andcompletelydroveawaythepark’sbeavers.
Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstonePark.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.
Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolvers.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today¸thedebatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk¸deer¸andcoyotepopulationsaredown¸whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolfprojecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvestootherpartsofthecountryaswell.
28.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.
B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.
C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.
D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.
29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?
A.Tested.B.Separated.C.Forcedout.D.Trackeddown.
30.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?
A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark’sincome.
C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.
31.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?
A.Doubtful.B.Positive.C.Disapproving.D.Uncaring.
2.(2017江苏)
OldProblem¸NewApproaches
Whilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife¸globalwarningwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday¸wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.
Whenitcomestoadaptation¸itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard¸buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy¸inpartatleast¸theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:
“Thereisno‘one-sizefitsall’adaptation.”Nevertheless¸therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.
Aroundtheworld¸peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways¸especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries¸schools¸andhealthclinics¸andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(连体)toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:
hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondspreventstarvationduringthewetseason.
ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia¸whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers¸waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel’sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter¸whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze¸andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves¸Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess¸soNorphel’sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill¸perhaps¸beabletofindothermeansofadapting.
IncreasingEarth’sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally¸andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly¸temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite¸citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.
InPeru¸localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitsof“100ideastosavetheplanet”.
Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce¸orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe’velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt¸it’sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.
Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall¸ifweadaptinthatway¸wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.
65.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies.
A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess
B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtime
C.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationforms
D.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging
66.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan’sproject?
A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.
B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.
C.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.
D.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.
67.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?
A.Storingiceforfutureuse.
B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.
C.Changingtheirrigationtime.
D.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.
68.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?
A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.
B.Theglobalwarmingtreadcannotbestopped.
C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.
D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.
69.Accordingtotheauthor¸pollutingindustriesshould.
A.adapttocarbonpollutionB.planthighlyprofitablecrops
C.leavecarbonemissionaloneD.fightagainstcarbonpollution
70.What’stheauthor’spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?
A.Settingupanewstandard.B.Reducingcarbonemission.
C.Adaptingtoclimatechange.D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.
3.(2016北京)
CaliforniaCondor’sShockingRecovery
CaliforniacondorsareNorthAmerica’slargestbirds¸withwind-lengthofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoning(铅中毒)nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.
Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewildtobebred(繁殖).Since1992¸therehavebeenmultiplereintroductionstothewild¸andtherearenowmorethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico.
Electricallineshavebeenkillingthemoff.“Astheygointorestforthenight,theyjustdon’tseethepowerlines,”saysBruceRideoutofSanDiegoZoo.Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,resultinginelectrocution(电死)iftheytouchtwolinesatonce.
Soscientistshavecomeupwithashockingidea.Tallpoles,placedinlargetrainingareas,teachthebirdstostayclearofelectricallinesbygivingthemapainfulbutundeadlyelectricshock.Beforethetrainingwasintroduced¸66%ofset-freedcondorsdiedofelectrocution.Thishasnowdroppedto18%.
Leadpoisonoushasprovedmoredifficulttodealwith.Whencondorseatdeadbodiesofotheranimalscontaininglead,theyabsorblargequantitiesoflead.Thisaffectstheirnervoussystemsandabilitytoproducebabybirds,andcanleadtokidney(肾)failuresanddeath.SocondorswithhighlevelsofleadaresenttoLosAngelesZoo,wheretheyaretreatedwithcalciumEDTA,achemicalthatremovesleadfromthebloodoverseveraldays.Thisworkisstartingtopayoff.Theannualdeathrateforadultcondorshasdroppedfrom38%in2000to5.4%in2011.
Rideout’steamthinksthattheCaliforniacondors’averagesurvivaltimeinthewildisnowjustundereightyears.“Althoughthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow,”hesays.“Theya
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