武汉大学博士研究生入学考试题.docx

武汉大学博士研究生入学考试题.docx

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武汉大学博士研究生入学考试题

武汉大学2011年博士研究生入学考试题

考试科目：

英语

PartIReadingComprehension（2*20=40%）

Directions:

Inthispartofthetest,therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET

PassageOne

WallsandwallbuildinghaveplayedaveryimportantroleinChineseculture.Thesepeople,fromthedimmistsofprehistoryhavebeenwall-conscious;fromtheNeolithicperiod—whenrampartsofpoundedearthwereused—totheCommunistRevolution,wallswereanessentialpartofanyvillage.Notonlytownsandvillages,thehousesandthetempleswithinthemweresomehowwalled,andthehousesalsohadnowindowsoverlookingthestreet,thusgivingthefeelingofwanderingaroundahugemaze.Thenamefor"city"inChinesemeanswall,andoverthesewalledcities,villages,housesandtemplespresidesthegodofwallsandmounts,whosedutieswere,andstillare,toprotectandberesponsibleforthewelfareoftheinhabitants.Thusagreatandextremelylaborioustasksuchasconstructingawall,whichwassupposedtorunthroughoutthecountry,mustnothaveseemedsuchanabsurdity.

However,itisindeedacommonmistaketoperceivetheGreatWallasasinglearchitecturalstructure,anditwouldalsobeerroneoustoassumethatitwasbuiltduringasingledynasty.Forthebuildingofthewallspannedthevariousdynasties,andeachofthesedynastiessomehowcontributedtotherefurbishingandtheconstructionofawall,whosefoundationshadbeenlaidmanycenturiesago.Itwas

duringthefourthandthirdcenturyB.C.thateachwarringstatestartedbuildingwallstoprotecttheirkingdoms,bothagainstoneanotherandagainstthenorthernnomads.Especiallythreeofthesestates:

theQin,theZhaoandtheYan,correspondingrespectivelytothemodernprovincesofShanxi,ShanxiandHebei,overandabovebuildingwallsthatsurroundedtheirkingdoms,alsolaidthefoundationsonwhichQinShihHuangDiwouldbuildhisfirstcontinuousGreatWall.

TherolethattheGreatWallplayedinthegrowthofChineseeconomywasanimportantone.Throughoutthecenturiesmanysettlementswereestablishedalongthenewborder.Thegarrisontroopswereinstructedtoreclaimwastelandandtoplantcropsonit,roadsandcanalswerebuilt,tomentionjustafewoftheworkscarriedout.Alltheseundertakingsgreatlyhelpedtoincreasethecountry'stradeandculturalexchangeswithmanyremoteareasandalsowiththesouthern,centralandwesternpartsofAsia—theformationoftheSilkRoute.Builders,garrisons,artisans,farmersandpeasantsleftbehindatrailofobjects,includinginscribedtablets,householdarticles,andwrittenwork,whichhavebecomeextremelyvaluablearchaeologicalevidencetothestudyofdefenseinstitutionsoftheGreatWallandtheeverydaylifeofthesepeoplewholivedanddiedalongthewall.

1.Chinesecitiesresembledamazebecause_____

A.theyweredesignedtoprotecttheirkingdoms

B.thehouseshavenoexternalwindows

C.thenameforcitiesmeans"wall"

D.wallshavealwaysbeenimportantthere

2.Constructingawallthatranthelengthofthecountry

A.honoredthegodofwallsandmounts

B.wasanabsurdlylaborioustask

C.mayhavemadesensewithinChineseculture

D.madethecountrylooklikeahugemaze

3.TheGreatWallofChina_______

A.usedexistingfoundations

B.wasbuiltinasingledynasty

C.wasbuiltbytheQin,theZhaoandtheYan

D.wasrefurbishedinthefourthandthirdcenturiesB.C.

4.Cropswereplanted_______

A.onwastelandB.toreclaimwasteland

C.onreclaimedwastelandD.alongthecanals

PassageTwo

AwardedtheNobelPrizeforphysicsin1918,GermanphysicistMaxPlanckisbestrememberedastheoriginatorofthequantumtheory.Hisworkhelpedusherinaneweraintheoreticalphysicsandrevolutionizedthescientificcommunity'sunderstandingofatomicandsubatomicprocesses.Planckintroducedanideathatledtothequantumtheory,whichbecamethefoundationof20thcenturyphysics.InDecember1900,Planckworkedoutanequationthatdescribedthedistributionofradiationaccuratelyovertherangeoflowtohighfrequencies.Hehaddevelopedatheorywhichdependedonamodelofmatterthatseemedverystrangeatthetime.Themodelrequiredtheemissionofelectromagneticradiationinsmallchunksorparticles.Theseparticleswerelatercalledquantums.Theenergyassociatedwitheachquantumismeasuredbymultiplyingthefrequencyoftheradiation,v,byauniversalconstant,h.Thus,energy,orE,equalshv.Theconstant,h,isknownasPlanck'sconstant.Itisnowrecognizedasoneofthefundamentalconstantsoftheworld.Planckannouncedhisf